{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T18:02:57Z","timestamp":1777485777569,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1 CA246716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 CA246716"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Huntsman Cancer Institute University of Utah","award":["ET 39024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ET 39024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, we designed an inventive paradigm in nanomedicine\u2014drug-free macromolecular therapeutics (DFMT). The ability of DFMT to induce apoptosis is based on biorecognition at cell surface, and crosslinking of receptors without the participation of low molecular weight drugs. The system is composed of two nanoconjugates: a bispecific engager, antibody or Fab\u2019 fragment\u2014morpholino oligonucleotide (MORF1) conjugate; the second nanoconjugate is a multivalent effector, human serum albumin (HSA) decorated with multiple copies of complementary MORF2. Here, we intend to demonstrate that DFMT is a platform that will be effective on other receptors than previously validated CD20. We appraised the impact of daratumumab (DARA)- and isatuximab (ISA)-based DFMT to crosslink CD38 receptors on CD38+ lymphoma (Raji, Daudi) and multiple myeloma cells (RPMI 8226, ANBL-6). The biological properties of DFMTs were determined by flow cytometry, confocal fluorescence microscopy, reactive oxygen species determination, lysosomal enlargement, homotypic cell adhesion, and the hybridization of nanoconjugates. The data revealed that the level of apoptosis induction correlated with CD38 expression, the nanoconjugates meet at the cell surface, mitochondrial signaling pathway is strongly involved, insertion of a flexible spacer in the structure of the macromolecular effector enhances apoptosis, and simultaneous crosslinking of CD38 and CD20 receptors increases apoptosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26154658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:44:32Z","timestamp":1627854272000},"page":"4658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Crosslinking of CD38 Receptors Triggers Apoptosis of Malignant B Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"M. Tommy","family":"Gambles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1922-7673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiawei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Sborov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiyuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jind\u0159ich","family":"Kope\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-017-0453-8","article-title":"Immunotherapy in hematologic malignancies: Past, present, and future","volume":"10","author":"Im","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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