{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T04:23:32Z","timestamp":1778300612651,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-destructive testing (NDT) for eggshell faults is highly important for the egg industry, as cracked eggs account for around 3% of total production. The most commonly used method at present, candling, is labor intensive, while computer vision systems are expensive and complicated. In this paper, we present a simple, yet efficient, novel method for eggshell crack detection by acoustic spectroscopy. Altogether, 693 sound recordings were evaluated by different classification methods. The results show a cross-validated 2.1% total classification error, with only 0.87% false positive rate, which is the crucial metric for fresh eggs. Adapting the developed method to an industrial setting may lead to a reliable, fast and cost-effective detection method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26154693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T02:16:07Z","timestamp":1628043367000},"page":"4693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Development of a Novel Acoustic Spectroscopy Method for Detection of Eggshell Cracks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8336-865X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Istv\u00e1n","family":"Kert\u00e9sz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1118 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vikt\u00f3ria","family":"Zsom-Muha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1118 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebeka","family":"Andr\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1118 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ferenc","family":"Horv\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1118 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Csaba","family":"N\u00e9meth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capriovus Kft., 2317 Szigetcs\u00e9p, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f3zsef","family":"Felf\u00f6ldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1118 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Coutts, J.A., Wilson, G.C., and Fern\u00e1ndez, S. (2007). Optimum Egg Quality: A Practical Approach, 5M Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Jindal, V.K., and Sritham, E. (2003, January 27\u201330). Detecting eggshell cracks by acoustic impulse response and artificial neural networks. Proceedings of the ASAE Annual International Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bell, D.D., and Weaver, W.D. (2002). Commercial Chicken Meat and Egg Production, Kluwer Academic Publishers. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0811-3"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Lawrence, K.C., Yoon, S.C., Heitchmidt, G.W., Jones, D., Park, B., and Savage, V.A. (2009). Egg Micro-Crack Detection Systems. (US20090091744A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"21","article-title":"Detection of Crack Eggs by Image Processing and Soft-margin Support Vector Machine","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Comput. Methods Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"257","article-title":"External and internal defect detection of egg using machine vision","volume":"4","author":"Arivazhagan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Comput. Sci. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1079\/WPS200417","article-title":"Non-destructive measurements of the egg quality","volume":"60","author":"Bamelis","year":"2004","journal-title":"World Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2003.09.004","article-title":"Relationship between dynamic resonance frequency and egg physical properties","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Food Res. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1021\/bp9700418","article-title":"Monitoring embryo development in chicken eggs using acoustic resonance analysis","volume":"13","author":"Coucke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Coucke, P. (1998). Assessment of Some Physical Egg Quality Parameters Based on Vibration Analysis. [Doctoral Thesis, Katholieke University]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/00071669987647","article-title":"Measuring the mechanical stiffness of an eggshell using resonant frequency analysis","volume":"40","author":"Coucke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"9","article-title":"Non-Destructive Acoustic Resonance Method for Evaluating Eggshell Strength and Thickness","volume":"4","author":"Attar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1006\/jaer.2000.0542","article-title":"Eggshell crack detection based on acoustic resonance frequency analysis","volume":"76","author":"Coucke","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Agric. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-460X(03)00595-9","article-title":"Parameter estimation and multivariable model building for the non-destructive, on-line determination of eggshell strength","volume":"266","author":"Vanhoutte","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.3097","article-title":"Detection of surface cracks in shell eggs by acoustic impulse method","volume":"43","author":"Cho","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans. ASAE"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ieri.2012.06.104","article-title":"Non-destructive Detection on the Egg Crack Based on Wavelet Transform","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"IERI Procedia"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"De Ketelaere, B. (2002). Data Analysis for the Non-Destructive Quality Assessment of Agro-Products Using Vibration Measurements. [Doctoral Thesis, Katholieke Universiteit]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660600829233","article-title":"Probability of an egg cracking during packing can be predicted using a simple non-destructive acoustic test","volume":"47","author":"Bain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2009.09.016","article-title":"Eggshell crack detection using a wavelet-based support vector machine","volume":"70","author":"Deng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"29","article-title":"Dynamic method for quick and non-destructive measurement of the surface firmness of fruits and vegetables","volume":"12","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hung. Agric. Eng."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/15\/4693\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:39:47Z","timestamp":1760164787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/15\/4693"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules26154693"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26154693","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]}}}