{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T03:02:46Z","timestamp":1791169366612,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16H06290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16H06290"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>C-Mannosylation is a post-translational modification of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Monomeric \u03b1-mannose is attached to specific Trp residues at the first Trp in the Trp-x-x-Trp\/Cys (W-x-x-W\/C) motif of substrate proteins, by the action of C-mannosyltransferases, DPY19-related gene products. The acceptor substrate proteins are included in the thrombospondin type I repeat (TSR) superfamily, cytokine receptor type I family, and others. Previous studies demonstrated that C-mannosylation plays critical roles in the folding, sorting, and\/or secretion of substrate proteins. A C-mannosylation-defective gene mutation was identified in humans as the disease-associated variant affecting a C-mannosylation motif of W-x-x-W of ADAMTSL1, which suggests the involvement of defects in protein C-mannosylation in human diseases such as developmental glaucoma, myopia, and\/or retinal defects. On the other hand, monomeric C-mannosyl Trp (C-Man-Trp), a deduced degradation product of C-mannosylated proteins, occurs in cells and extracellular fluids. Several studies showed that the level of C-Man-Trp is upregulated in blood of patients with renal dysfunction, suggesting that the metabolism of C-Man-Trp may be involved in human kidney diseases. Together, protein C-mannosylation is considered to play important roles in the biosynthesis and functions of substrate proteins, and the altered regulation of protein C-manosylation may be involved in the pathophysiology of human diseases. In this review, we consider the biochemical and biomedical knowledge of protein C-mannosylation and C-Man-Trp, and introduce recent studies concerning their significance in biology and medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26175258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T04:07:28Z","timestamp":1630382848000},"page":"5258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Protein C-Mannosylation and C-Mannosyl Tryptophan in Chemical Biology and Medicine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Shiho","family":"Minakata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2763-1414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shino","family":"Manabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Department, The Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan"},{"name":"Research Center for Pharmaceutical Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science & Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Inai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3629-3629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Midori","family":"Ikezaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3056-8310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuchika","family":"Nishitsuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6251-7249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukishige","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan"},{"name":"RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8674-5681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshito","family":"Ihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2000_3996","article-title":"Protein C-mannosylation: Facts and questions","volume":"47","author":"Furmanek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. 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