{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T18:10:34Z","timestamp":1793124634936,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D is essential in assuring bone health at all stages of life, but its non-skeletal effects are also essential: This vitamin impacts the physiology of the immune system, skeletal muscles and adipose tissue, glucose metabolism, skin, cardiovascular and reproductive systems, neuro-cognitive functions and cell division. The incidence of vitamin D deficiency is widespread worldwide, at any age, in young and healthy subjects, as well as in pregnant women and the elderly population, due to several factors, including inadequate sunlight exposure, skin pigmentation and coverage, adiposity, lifestyle and low dietary intakes. To overcome this problem, the fortification of foods that are consumed on a daily basis, such as milk, is strongly advisable. This opinion paper aims to discuss, in a multidisciplinary way, the current evidence supporting the importance of vitamin D in health and disease and the role of milk as an optimal carrier of this vitamin, to promote adequate intakes, highlighting its unique physico-chemical characteristics linked to both fat globule membrane and casein micelle structure. Moreover, it addresses the impact of industrial processing and storage of consumption milk on the stability of these structures, thus in determining vitamin D bioavailability and the achievement of adequate intakes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26175289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T08:42:32Z","timestamp":1630399352000},"page":"5289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Vitamin D Fortification of Consumption Cow\u2019s Milk: Health, Nutritional and Technological Aspects. A Multidisciplinary Lecture of the Recent Scientific Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4063-6228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"Pellegrino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3590-2330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franca","family":"Marangoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NFI\u2014Nutrition Foundation of Italy, Viale Tunisia 38, 20124 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Muscogiuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1760-5068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"D\u2019Incecco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume T.","family":"Duval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine and Memory Clinic, Research Center on Autonomy and Longevity, University Hospital, 49035 Angers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7199-8109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cedric","family":"Annweiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine and Memory Clinic, Research Center on Autonomy and Longevity, University Hospital, 49035 Angers, France"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N5X 4L2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annamaria","family":"Colao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.120873","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in Europe: Pandemic?","volume":"103","author":"Cashman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518000491","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among US adults: Prevalence, predictors and clinical implications","volume":"119","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. 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