{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T10:57:12Z","timestamp":1785236232780,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Deputyship for Research &amp; Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia","award":["QU-IF-1-2-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QU-IF-1-2-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sage, Salvia officinalis L., is used worldwide as an aromatic herb for culinary purposes as well as a traditional medicinal agent for various ailments. Current investigations exhibited the effects of extended dryings of the herb on the yields, composition, oil quality, and hepatoprotective as well as anti-cancer biological activities of the hydrodistillation-obtained essential oils from the aerial parts of the plant. The essential oils\u2019 yields, compositions, and biological activities levels of the fresh and differently timed and room-temperature dried herbs differed significantly. The lowest yields of the essential oil were obtained from the fresh herbs (FH, 631 mg, 0.16%), while the highest yield was obtained from the two-week dried herbs (2WDH, 1102 mg, 0.28%). A notable decrease in monoterpenes, with increment in the sesquiterpene constituents, was observed for the FH-based essential oil as compared to all the other batches of the essential oils obtained from the different-timed dried herbs. Additionally, characteristic chemotypic constituents of sage, i.e., \u03b1-pinene, camphene, \u03b2-pinene, myrcene, 1, 8-cineole, \u03b1-thujone, and camphor, were present in significantly higher proportions in all the dried herbs\u2019 essential oils as compared to the FH-based essential oil. The in vivo hepatoprotective activity demonstrated significant reductions in the levels of AST, ALT, and ALP, as well as a significant increase in the total protein (p &lt; 0.05) contents level, as compared to the acetaminophen (AAP) administered experimental group of rats. A significant reduction (p &lt; 0.05) in the ALT level was demonstrated by the 4WDH-based essential oil in comparison to the FH-based essential oil. The levels of creatinine, cholesterol, and triglycerides were reduced (p &lt; 0.05) in the pre-treated rats by the essential oil batches, with non-significant differences found among them as a result of the herbs dryings based oils. A notable increase in the viability of the cells, and total antioxidant capacity (TAOxC) levels, together with the reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were observed by the essential oils obtained from all the batches as compared with the AAP-treated cell-lines, HepG-2, HeLa, and MCF-7, that indicated the in vitro hepatoprotective effects of the sage essential oils. However, significant improvements in the in vivo and in vitro hepatoprotective activities with the 4WDH-based oil, as compared to all other essential oil-batches and silymarin standard demonstrated the beneficial effects of the drying protocol for the herb for its medicinal purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26195757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T00:30:33Z","timestamp":1632443433000},"page":"5757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Sage, Salvia officinalis L., Constituents, Hepatoprotective Activity, and Cytotoxicity Evaluations of the Essential Oils Obtained from Fresh and Differently Timed Dried Herbs: A Comparative Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2896-6790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamdoon A.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemist and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11371, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussein M.","family":"Eldeeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0185-0149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riaz A.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemist and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8134-9623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen S.","family":"Al-Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemist and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, JUST, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9250-100X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salman A. A.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed S. M.","family":"Sajid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed S. A.","family":"Aly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Police Academy, Nasr city, Cairo 11765, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9118-7752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adel M.","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3186-1896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed A. H.","family":"Abdellatif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safaa Yehia","family":"Eid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Abdia, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8398-5412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud Zaki","family":"El-Readi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Abdia, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.08.008","article-title":"Salvia spp. plants-from farm to food applications and phytopharmacotherapy","volume":"80","author":"Ozcelik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. 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