{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T13:11:00Z","timestamp":1789132260787,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA046794"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA046794"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>L-DOPA therapy in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is limited due to emerging L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Research has identified abnormal dopamine release from serotonergic (5-HT) terminals contributing to this dyskinesia. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or 5-HT receptor (5-HTr) agonists can regulate 5-HT activity and attenuate dyskinesia, but they often also produce a loss of the antiparkinsonian efficacy of L-DOPA. We investigated vilazodone, a novel multimodal 5-HT agent with SSRI and 5-HTr1A partial agonist properties, for its potential to reduce dyskinesia without interfering with the prokinetic effects of L-DOPA, and underlying mechanisms. We assessed vilazodone effects on L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (abnormal involuntary movements, AIMs) and aberrant responsiveness to corticostriatal drive in striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) measured with in vivo single-unit extracellular recordings, in the 6-OHDA rat model of PD. Vilazodone (10 mg\/kg) suppressed all subtypes (axial, limb, orolingual) of AIMs induced by L-DOPA (5 mg\/kg) and the increase in MSN responsiveness to cortical stimulation (shorter spike onset latency). Both the antidyskinetic effects and reversal in MSN excitability by vilazodone were inhibited by the 5-HTr1A antagonist WAY-100635, demonstrating a critical role for 5-HTr1A in these vilazodone actions. Our results indicate that vilazodone may serve as an adjunct therapeutic for reducing dyskinesia in patients with PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26195790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T21:40:30Z","timestamp":1632778830000},"page":"5790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Role of 5-HT1A Receptor in Vilazodone-Mediated Suppression of L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia and Increased Responsiveness to Cortical Input in Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons in an Animal Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Feras","family":"Altwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurodegenerative Disease & Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA"},{"name":"School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA"},{"name":"Discipline of Neuroscience, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5529-3168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando E.","family":"Padovan-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Neuroscience, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6907-3062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Ritger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA"},{"name":"Discipline of Neuroscience, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9139-1312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heinz","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanson Toshok Center for Brain Function and Repair, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA"},{"name":"Discipline of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony R.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurodegenerative Disease & Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA"},{"name":"Discipline of Neuroscience, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"787","article-title":"The L-3,4-dioxyphenylalanine (DOPA)-effect in Parkinson-akinesia","volume":"73","author":"Birkmayer","year":"1961","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh290","article-title":"Levodopa-induced changes in synaptic dopamine levels increase with progression of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Implications for dyskinesias","volume":"127","author":"Sossi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2005.05.002","article-title":"The \u2018magic\u2019 of L-Dopa: Why is it the gold standard Parkinson\u2019s disease therapy?","volume":"26","author":"Mercuri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196907312810517","article-title":"L-Dopa in parkinson\u2019s syndrome","volume":"281","author":"Cotzias","year":"1969","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"286","article-title":"L-Dopa induced dyskinesias in 152 patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"95","author":"Mones","year":"1970","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14119","article-title":"L-DOPA for Parkinson\u2019s disease-a bittersweet pill","volume":"49","author":"Lane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1090","article-title":"Frequency of levodopa-related dyskinesias and motor fluctuations as estimated from the cumulative literature","volume":"16","author":"Ahlskog","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20324","article-title":"Sydney multicenter study of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Non-L-Dopa-responsive problems dominate at 15 years","volume":"20","author":"Hely","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.111.005678","article-title":"The pharmacology of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"65","author":"Huot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008928321652","article-title":"Evaluation of a measurement strategy for Parkinson\u2019s disease: Assessing patient health-related quality of life","volume":"9","author":"Damiano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20279","article-title":"Impact of the motor complications of Parkinson\u2019s disease on the quality of life","volume":"20","author":"Chapuis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.212","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease therapeutics: New developments and challenges since the introduction of levodopa","volume":"37","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090103","article-title":"Levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson\u2019s disease phenomenology and pathophysiology","volume":"9","author":"Marconi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(10)83011-0","article-title":"Maladaptive striatal plasticity in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia","volume":"183","author":"Cenci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Brain. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2011.00051","article-title":"Striatal signaling in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia: Common mechanisms with drug abuse and long term memory involving D1 dopamine receptor stimulation","volume":"5","author":"Murer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Steiner, H., and Tseng, K.Y. (2016). Molecular mechanisms of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Handbook of Basal Ganglia Structure and Function, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"80","article-title":"Levodopa-induced dopamine receptor hypersensitivity","volume":"102","author":"Klawans","year":"1977","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Steiner, H., and Tseng, K.Y. (2010). D1 dopamine receptor supersensitivity in the dopamine-depleted striatum: Aberrant ERK1\/2 signaling. Handbook of Basal Ganglia Structure and Function, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4306","article-title":"Hyperkinetic disorders and loss of synaptic downscaling","volume":"19","author":"Calabresi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)91318-B","article-title":"Effects of ofl-Dopa on extracellular dopamine in striatum of normal and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats","volume":"525","author":"Abercrombie","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06556.x","article-title":"L-DOPA-induced dopamine efflux in the striatum and the substantia nigra in a rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Temporal and quantitative relationship to the expression of dyskinesia","volume":"112","author":"Lindgren","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI71640","article-title":"Serotonergic mechanisms responsible for levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"124","author":"Politis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6605","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0576-11.2011","article-title":"Dopamine transport by the serotonin transporter: A mechanistically distinct mode of substrate translocation","volume":"31","author":"Larsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00575","article-title":"What mechanisms are responsible for the reuptake of levodopa-derived dopamine in Parkinsonian striatum?","volume":"10","author":"Nishijima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22097","article-title":"Maladaptive plasticity of serotonin axon terminals in levodopa-induced dyskinesia","volume":"68","author":"Rylander","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.08.004","article-title":"Morphological changes in serotoninergic neurites in the striatum and globus pallidus in levodopa primed MPTP treated common marmosets with dyskinesia","volume":"40","author":"Zeng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2011.05.012","article-title":"Serotonin and dopamine striatal innervation in Parkinson\u2019s disease and Huntington\u2019s chorea","volume":"17","author":"Wallman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(95)11817-G","article-title":"L-DOPA is converted to dopamine in serotonergic fibers of the striatum of the rat: A double-labeling immunofluorescence study","volume":"195","author":"Arai","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199902250-00034","article-title":"Role of serotonergic neurons in L-DOPA-derived extracellular dopamine in the striatum of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats","volume":"10","author":"Tanaka","year":"1999","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm082","article-title":"Dopamine released from 5-HT terminals is the cause of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in parkinsonian rats","volume":"130","author":"Carta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.01.012","article-title":"Serotonergic neurons mediate ectopic release of dopamine induced by L-DOPA in a rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"38","author":"Navailles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-018-1865-5","article-title":"The serotonergic system in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia: Pre-clinical evidence and clinical perspective","volume":"125","author":"Carta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1837-1","article-title":"Serotonergic targets for the treatment of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia","volume":"125","author":"Lanza","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200105080-00015","article-title":"Fluoxetine reduces L-DOPA-derived extracellular DA in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rat striatum","volume":"12","author":"Yamato","year":"2001","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2012.08202.x","article-title":"Serotonin transporter inhibition attenuates l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia without compromising I-DOPA efficacy in hemi-parkinsonian rats","volume":"36","author":"Bishop","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.09.017","article-title":"Effects of prolonged selective serotonin reuptake inhibition on the development and expression of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in hemi-parkinsonian rats","volume":"77","author":"Conti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.04.027","article-title":"Effect of serotonin transporter blockade on L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in animal models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"298","author":"Fidalgo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"133","article-title":"Tandospirone citrate, a selective 5-HT1A agonist, alleviates L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"54","author":"Kannari","year":"2002","journal-title":"No Shinkei"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2005.03.004","article-title":"A serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist prevents behavioral sensitization to L-DOPA in a rodent model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"52","author":"Tomiyama","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04790.x","article-title":"MDMA and fenfluramine reduce L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia via indirect 5-HT1A receptor stimulation","volume":"23","author":"Bishop","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2007.05.002","article-title":"The partial 5-HT1A agonist buspirone reduces the expression and development of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in rats and improves L-DOPA efficacy","volume":"87","author":"Eskow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25366","article-title":"Study of the antidyskinetic effect of eltoprazine in animal models of levodopa-induced dyskinesia","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2013.10.002","article-title":"Anti-dyskinetic effect of anpirtoline in animal models of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia","volume":"77","author":"Tronci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.11.022","article-title":"Modulation of serotonergic transmission by eltoprazine in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia: Behavioral, molecular, and synaptic mechanisms","volume":"86","author":"Ghiglieri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2008.11.001","article-title":"Low doses of sarizotan reduce dyskinesias and maintain antiparkinsonian efficacy of l-Dopa in parkinsonian monkeys","volume":"15","author":"Samadi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2005.08.014","article-title":"The effect of chronic administration of sarizotan, 5-HT1A agonist\/D3\/D4 ligand, on haloperidol-induced repetitive jaw movements in rat model of tardive dyskinesia","volume":"30","author":"Rosengarten","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21226","article-title":"Sarizotan as a treatment for dyskinesias in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Goetz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21897","article-title":"Placebo influences on dyskinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Goetz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2016.1160051","article-title":"The preclinical and clinical effects of vilazodone for the treatment of major depressive disorder","volume":"11","author":"Sahli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.018","article-title":"Neurochemical evaluation of the novel 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist\/serotonin reuptake inhibitor, vilazodone","volume":"510","author":"Hughes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.2011.47.7.1622076","article-title":"Vilazodone: A new treatment option for major depressive disorder","volume":"47","author":"Owen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drugs Today"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"28","article-title":"Vilazodone HCl (Viibryd): A serotonin partial agonist and reuptake inhibitor for the treatment of major depressive disorder","volume":"37","author":"Cruz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.100","article-title":"Diverse serotonin actions of Vilazodone reduce L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine-induced dyskinesia in hemi-parkinsonian rats","volume":"33","author":"Meadows","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altwal, F., Moon, C., West, A.R., and Steiner, H. (2020). The multimodal serotonergic agent vilazodone inhibits L-DOPA-induced gene regulation in striatal projection neurons and associated dyskinesia in an animal model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9102265"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tseng, K.Y., Caballero, A., Dec, A., Cass, D.K., Simak, N., Sunu, E., Park, M.J., Blume, S.R., Sammut, S., and Park, D.J. (2011). Inhibition of striatal soluble guanylyl cyclase-cGMP signaling reverses basal ganglia dysfunction and akinesia in experimental parkinsonism. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027187"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"625","article-title":"Frequency-dependent corticostriatal disinhibition resulting from chronic dopamine depletion: Role of local striatal cGMP and GABA-AR signaling","volume":"27","author":"Jayasinghe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-01739-x","article-title":"Selective regulation of 5-HT1B serotonin receptor expression in the striatum by dopamine depletion and repeated L-DOPA treatment: Relationship to L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias","volume":"57","author":"Patterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3857","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5027-04.2005","article-title":"Feedforward inhibition of projection neurons by fast-spiking GABA interneurons in the rat striatum in vivo","volume":"25","author":"Mallet","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.08.019","article-title":"Effects of prolonged neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition on the development and expression of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats","volume":"89","author":"Carolino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1176-08.2008","article-title":"Inversion of dopamine responses in striatal medium spiny neurons and involuntary movements","volume":"28","author":"Liang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.08.018","article-title":"L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in hemiparkinsonian rats is associated with up-regulation of adenylyl cyclase type V\/VI and increased GABA release in the substantia nigra reticulata","volume":"41","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.05.059","article-title":"Aberrant striatal activity in parkinsonism and levodopa-induced dyskinesia","volume":"23","author":"Ryan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00217-6","article-title":"Biochemical and anatomical characterization of forepaw adjusting steps in rat models of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Studies on medial forebrain bundle and striatal lesions","volume":"88","author":"Chang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2002.0499","article-title":"L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in the intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine model of parkinson\u2019s disease: Relation to motor and cellular parameters of nigrostriatal function","volume":"10","author":"Winkler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04124.x","article-title":"Post- versus presynaptic plasticity in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia","volume":"99","author":"Cenci","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12894","article-title":"Side effect profile of 5-HT treatments for Parkinson\u2019s disease and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in rats","volume":"172","author":"Lindenbach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.034280","article-title":"Behavioral and neurochemical effects of 5-(4-[4-(5-Cyano-3-indolyl)-butyl)-butyl]-1-piperazinyl)-benzofuran-2-carboxamide (EMD 68843): A combined selective inhibitor of serotonin reuptake and 5-hydroxytryptamine(1A) receptor partial agonist","volume":"302","author":"Page","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-018-0653-7","article-title":"Regulation of dopamine neurotransmission from serotonergic neurons by ectopic expression of the dopamine D2 autoreceptor blocks levodopa-induced dyskinesia","volume":"7","author":"Sellnow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.07.014","article-title":"Electrophysiological evidence for rapid 5-HT\u2081A autoreceptor inhibition by vilazodone, a 5-HT\u2081A receptor partial agonist and 5-HT reuptake inhibitor","volume":"714","author":"Ashby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2015.09.007","article-title":"Long-term administration of the antidepressant vilazodone modulates rat brain monoaminergic systems","volume":"99","author":"Crnic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1040","article-title":"Loss of bidirectional striatal synaptic plasticity in L-DOPA\u2013induced dyskinesia","volume":"6","author":"Picconi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20296","article-title":"Increased D1 dopamine receptor signaling in levodopa-induced dyskinesia","volume":"57","author":"Aubert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"2694","article-title":"L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in the rat is associated with striatal overexpression of prodynorphin- and glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA","volume":"10","author":"Cenci","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.01.017","article-title":"A subpopulation of striatal neurons mediates levodopa-induced dyskinesia","volume":"97","author":"Girasole","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5378.838","article-title":"DARPP-32: Regulator of the efficacy of dopaminergic neurotransmission","volume":"281","author":"Fienberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6995","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0852-07.2007","article-title":"Critical involvement of cAMP\/DARPP-32 and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase signaling in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia","volume":"27","author":"Santini","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(99)00010-6","article-title":"A review of central 5-HT receptors and their function","volume":"38","author":"Barnes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Paxinos, G., and Watson, C. (1998). The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Academic Press. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-05-03863.1995","article-title":"Forelimb akinesia in the rat Parkinson model: Differential effects of dopamine agonists and nigral transplants as assessed by a new stepping test","volume":"15","author":"Olsson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.108.146332","article-title":"Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 10A increases the responsiveness of striatal projection neurons to cortical stimulation","volume":"328","author":"Threlfell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.11.011","article-title":"Nitric oxide-soluble guanylyl cyclase signaling regulates corticostriatal transmission and short-term synaptic plasticity of striatal projection neurons recorded in vivo","volume":"58","author":"Sammut","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06157.x","article-title":"Feed-forward excitation of striatal neuron activity by frontal cortical activation of nitric oxide signaling in vivo","volume":"27","author":"Ondracek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11655","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0288-13.2013","article-title":"Aberrant restoration of spines and their synapses in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia: Involvement of corticostriatal but not thalamostriatal synapses","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/19\/5790\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:04:30Z","timestamp":1760166270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/19\/5790"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules26195790"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26195790","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]}}}