{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T10:26:29Z","timestamp":1770459989642,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]],"date-time":"2021-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Christophorus-Stiftung","award":["392CST"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["392CST"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015495","name":"Mahle Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015495","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"DAMUS-DONATA e.V.","award":["Schempp-Antimon-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Schempp-Antimon-2020"]}]},{"name":"Dr. Hauschka Stiftung","award":["Schempp-Antimon-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Schempp-Antimon-2020"]}]},{"name":"Weleda AG","award":["Schempp-Antimon-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Schempp-Antimon-2020"]}]},{"name":"Rudolf-Steiner-Fonds","award":["Schempp-Antimon-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Schempp-Antimon-2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and a pro-inflammatory milieu in the skin. While patients with moderate to severe psoriasis are treated using targeted therapies (small molecules and monoclonal antibodies), patients suffering from milder forms are still in need of effective topical products without adverse effects. Antimony compounds (ACs) are regularly used as anti-inflammatory compounds in traditional and anthroposophic medicine and as antiprotozoan drugs. Here, we examined the effect of metallic antimony, natural antimony(III) sulfide and potassium antimonyl(III) tartrate in vitro on psoriasis-like keratinocytes and the human dendritic cell line THP-1 using qPCR, immunocytochemistry, ELISA and flow cytometry. In psoriatic keratinocytes, ACs inhibited the overexpression of the antimicrobial peptide \u03b2-defensin 2 and glucose transporter 1, as well as the hyperproliferation marker keratin 17. Furthermore, ACs mediated anti-inflammatory effects by reducing nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-\u03baB and pSTAT3 and inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by keratinocytes. In addition, ACs displayed anti-psoriatic effects by reducing the activation of IFN-\u03b1-treated THP-1 cells as well as the expression of the psoriasis-promoting master cytokine IL-23 by these cells. While all ACs showed anti-psoriatic effects, the most prominent results were seen with potassium antimonyl(III) tartrate. In summary, ACs display numerous anti-psoriatic effects in vitro at subtoxic concentrations. We conclude that ACs are interesting compounds for the topical treatment of psoriasis that warrant further investigation in clinical studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26195814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T21:40:30Z","timestamp":1632778830000},"page":"5814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Anti-Psoriatic Effects of Antimony Compounds In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Fabian","family":"Gendrisch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center Skinitial, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Haarhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center Skinitial, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph M.","family":"Schempp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center Skinitial, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0093-560X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ute","family":"W\u00f6lfle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center Skinitial, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.339","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Psoriasis: A Systematic Review of Incidence and Prevalence","volume":"133","author":"Parisi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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