{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:47:42Z","timestamp":1790768862553,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]],"date-time":"2021-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002661","name":"Fund for Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J008220F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J008220F"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fungicides are used to suppress the growth of fungi for crop protection. The most widely used fungicides are succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) that act by blocking succinate dehydrogenase, the complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. As recent reports suggested that SDHI-fungicides could not be selective for their fungi targets, we tested the mitochondrial function of human cells (Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells or PBMCs, HepG2 liver cells, and BJ-fibroblasts) after exposure for a short time to Boscalid and Bixafen, the two most used SDHIs. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to assess the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and the level of mitochondrial superoxide radical. The OCR was significantly decreased in the three cell lines after exposure to both SDHIs. The level of mitochondrial superoxide increased in HepG2 after Boscalid and Bixafen exposure. In BJ-fibroblasts, mitochondrial superoxide was increased after Bixafen exposure, but not after Boscalid. No significant increase in mitochondrial superoxide was observed in PBMCs. Flow cytometry revealed an increase in the number of early apoptotic cells in HepG2 exposed to both SDHIs, but not in PBMCs and BJ-fibroblasts, results consistent with the high level of mitochondrial superoxide found in HepG2 cells after exposure. In conclusion, short-term exposure to Boscalid and Bixafen induces a mitochondrial dysfunction in human cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26195842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T21:40:30Z","timestamp":1632778830000},"page":"5842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["The Short-Term Exposure to SDHI Fungicides Boscalid and Bixafen Induces a Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Selective Human Cell Lines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Donatienne","family":"d\u2019Hose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Isenborghs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Brusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CytoFlux-Flow Cytometry Platform, Institut de Recherche Exp\u00e9rimentale et Clinique, Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9n\u00e9dicte F.","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5708-1302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Gallez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1584\/jpestics.D20-201","article-title":"Development of novel pesticides in the 21th century","volume":"45","author":"Umetsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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