{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:14:52Z","timestamp":1783523692647,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,2]],"date-time":"2021-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["RSP- 2021\/186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP- 2021\/186"]}]},{"name":"Early Career Research Award funded by Science and Engineering Research Board [DST-SERB]","award":["ECR\/2018\/000552"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECR\/2018\/000552"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002842","name":"Chiang Mai University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002842","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spodoptera litura Fab. is a polyphagous pest causing damage to many agriculture crops leading to yield loss. Recurrent usage of synthetic pesticides to control this pest has resulted in resistance development. Plant-derived diterpenoid compound andrographolide was isolated from the leaves of Andrographis paniculata. It was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and quantified by HPLC. Nutritional indices and digestive enzymatic profile were evaluated. Third, fourth and fifth instar larvae were treated with different concentrations of andrographolide. At 3, 6 and 9 ppm-treated concentrations the larvae showed decreased RGR, RCR, ECI, ECD values with adverse increase in AD. The digestive enzymes were significantly inhibited when compared with control. Conspicuously, andrographolide showed pronounced mortality of S. litura by inhibition of enzyme secretion and intake of food. The binding ability of andrographolide with CYTP450 showed high affinity with low binding energy. Andrographolide has the potential to be exploited as a biocontrol agent against S. litura as an eco-friendly pesticide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26195982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T21:23:55Z","timestamp":1633728235000},"page":"5982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Toxicity of Bioactive Molecule Andrographolide against Spodoptera litura Fab and Its Binding Potential with Detoxifying Enzyme Cytochrome P450"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Edward-Sam","family":"Edwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, SPKCES, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627412, Tamil Nadu, India"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology Division of Virology and Molecular Biology, St. Peters Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Hosur 635109, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3415-3315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prabhakaran","family":"Vasantha-Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, St. Peter\u2019s Institute of Higher Education and Research, Avadi, Chennai 600054, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0839-2021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sengottayan","family":"Senthil-Nathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, SPKCES, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627412, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muthiah","family":"Chellappandian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, V.O. Chidambaram College, Thoothukudi 628008, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sengodan","family":"Karthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, SPKCES, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627412, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5259-761X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radhakrishnan","family":"Narayanaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, St. Peter\u2019s Institute of Higher Education and Research, Avadi, Chennai 600054, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vethamonickam","family":"Stanley-Raja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, SPKCES, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627412, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haridoss","family":"Sivanesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, SPKCES, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627412, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramakrishnan","family":"Ramasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, SPKCES, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627412, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asma A.","family":"Al-Huqail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faheema","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3521-7659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patcharin","family":"Krutmuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abdel-Megeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aml","family":"Ghaith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Derna University, Derna 417230, Libya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chae-Hoon","family":"Paik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Planning & Coordination Division, 181, Hyeoksin-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-Gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2014.02.001","article-title":"Resistance selection, mechanism and stability of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to methoxyfenozide","volume":"110","author":"Rehan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pestic. 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