{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T13:25:13Z","timestamp":1792761913837,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The remarkable lubrication properties of normal articular cartilage play an essential role in daily life, providing almost frictionless movements of joints. Alterations of cartilage surface or degradation of biomacromolecules within synovial fluid increase the wear and tear of the cartilage and hence determining the onset of the most common joint disease, osteoarthritis (OA). The irreversible and progressive degradation of articular cartilage is the hallmark of OA. Considering the absence of effective options to treat OA, the mechanosensitivity of chondrocytes has captured attention. As the only embedded cells in cartilage, the metabolism of chondrocytes is essential in maintaining homeostasis of cartilage, which triggers motivations to understand what is behind the low friction of cartilage and develop biolubrication-based strategies to postpone or even possibly heal OA. This review firstly focuses on the mechanism of cartilage lubrication, particularly on boundary lubrication. Then the mechanotransduction (especially shear stress) of chondrocytes is discussed. The following summarizes the recent development of cartilage-inspired biolubricants to highlight the correlation between cartilage lubrication and OA. One might expect that the restoration of cartilage lubrication at the early stage of OA could potentially promote the regeneration of cartilage and reverse its pathology to cure OA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26206122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T09:16:42Z","timestamp":1633943802000},"page":"6122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Recent Advances in Understanding the Role of Cartilage Lubrication in Osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yumei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China"},{"name":"School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongrun","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China"},{"name":"School of Medical Information Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haijian","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China"},{"name":"School of Medical Information Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijie","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0523-9702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renjian","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China"},{"name":"School of Medical Information Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738109350438","article-title":"The basic science of articular cartilage: Structure, composition, and function","volume":"1","author":"Bedi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1243\/13506501JET143","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of synovial joint lubrication","volume":"220","author":"Klein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part. J: J. Eng. Tribol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14819","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507117102","article-title":"Mann Corrboration of in vivo cartilage pressures with implications for synovial joint tribology and osteoarthritis causation","volume":"102","author":"Kjirste","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508323254","article-title":"Effects of medial meniscus posterior horn avulsion and repair on tibiofemoral contact area and peak contact pressure with clinical implications","volume":"37","author":"Marzo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.12.011","article-title":"Osteoarthritis year in review 2018: Mechanics","volume":"27","author":"DeFrate","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.12.002","article-title":"Osteoarthritis year in review 2018: Biomarkers (biochemical markers)","volume":"27","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2019.03.011","article-title":"Cartilage biomechanics: A key factor for osteoarthritis regenerative medicine","volume":"1865","author":"Jimenez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta. Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1701463","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201701463","article-title":"Molecularly Engineered Biolubricants for Articular Cartilage","volume":"7","author":"Morgese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2013.03.019","article-title":"Microscale surface friction of articular cartilage in early osteoarthritis","volume":"25","author":"Desrochers","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2011.109","article-title":"Autophagy and cartilage homeostasis mechanisms in joint health, aging and OA","volume":"7","author":"Lotz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16072","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.72","article-title":"Osteoarthritis","volume":"2","author":"Barr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of aggrecan in normal and osteoarthritic cartilage","volume":"1","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2011.06.020","article-title":"Proteases involved in cartilage matrix degradation in osteoarthritis","volume":"1824","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.162","article-title":"Emerging regulators of the inflammatory process in osteoarthritis","volume":"11","author":"Terkeltaub","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2010.159","article-title":"The role of synovitis in pathophysiology and clinical symptoms of osteoarthritis","volume":"6","author":"Sellam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1186\/ar325","article-title":"Articular cartilage and changes in arthritis matrix degradation","volume":"3","author":"Mort","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"139","article-title":"The regulation of the ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5 aggrecanases in osteoarthritis: A review","volume":"26","author":"Bondeson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.03.010","article-title":"Intra-articular targeting of nanomaterials for the treatment of osteoarthritis","volume":"93","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.01.002","article-title":"Osteoarthritis year in review 2019: Epidemiology and therapy","volume":"28","author":"Kloppenburg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0255-1","article-title":"Surgical and tissue engineering strategies for articular cartilage and meniscus repair","volume":"15","author":"Kwon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hulme, C.H., Perry, J., McCarthy, H.S., Wright, K.T., Snow, M., Mennan, C., and Roberts, S. (2021). Cell therapy for cartilage repair. Emerg. Top. Life Sci., ETLS20210015.","DOI":"10.1042\/ETLS20210015"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zamuner, A., Cavo, M., Scaglione, S., Messina, G.M.L., Russo, T., Gloria, A., Marletta, G., and Dettin, M. (2016). Design of Decorated Self-Assembling Peptide Hydrogels as Architecture for Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Materials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9090727"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1693","article-title":"Osteoarthritis\u2014An untreatable disease?","volume":"4","author":"Wieland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-00523-9","article-title":"Non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis: Comparison of ESCEO and OARSI 2019 guidelines","volume":"17","author":"Arden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200402000-00021","article-title":"Pseudoseptic reactions to hylan viscosupplementation: Diagnosis and treatment","volume":"419","author":"Goldberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2014.12.012","article-title":"No difference between intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid and placebo for mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis: A randomized, controlled, double-blind trial","volume":"30","author":"Wullems","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)37157-X","article-title":"Joint lubrication","volume":"227","author":"Jones","year":"1936","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031004","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4046045","article-title":"A Century of Cartilage Tribology Research is Informing Lubrication Therapies","volume":"142","author":"Bonnevie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.03.003","article-title":"An overview of hydrogel-based intra-articular drug delivery for the treatment of osteoarthritis","volume":"154","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"46","article-title":"Articular cartilage matrix and structure: A minireview","volume":"27","author":"Kuettner","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1053\/joca.2002.0806","article-title":"Interaction of chondrocytes, extracellular matrix and growth factors: Relevance for articular cartilage tissue engineering","volume":"10","author":"Buma","year":"2002","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"49","article-title":"The cartilage collagens: Structural and metabolic studies","volume":"27","author":"Eyre","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-0172(91)90035-X","article-title":"The collagens of articular cartilage","volume":"21","author":"Eyre","year":"1991","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheu."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"25","article-title":"A growing family of collagens in articular cartilage: Identification of 5 genetically distinct types","volume":"14","author":"Eyre","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.210","article-title":"Cartilage-targeting drug delivery: Can electrostatic interactions help?","volume":"13","author":"Bajpayee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cr.7290106","article-title":"Structure and function of aggrecan","volume":"12","author":"Kiani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2018.02.005","article-title":"The pericellular hyaluronan of articular chondrocytes","volume":"78\u201379","author":"Knudson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v012a11","article-title":"The structure and function of cartilage proteoglycans","volume":"12","author":"Roughley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Cell Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1006\/scdb.2000.0243","article-title":"Cartilage proteoglycans","volume":"12","author":"Knudson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-005-0789-y","article-title":"Perlecan displays variable spatial and temporal immunolocalisation patterns in the articular and growth plate cartilages of the ovine stifle joint","volume":"123","author":"Melrose","year":"2005","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(92)90001-5","article-title":"Cartilage and diarthrodial joints as paradigms for hierarchical materials and structures","volume":"13","author":"Mow","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.02.007","article-title":"Molecular synergy in biolubrication: The role of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) in surface-structuring of lubricin","volume":"495","author":"Raj","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.11.048","article-title":"Interaction of lubricin with type II collagen surfaces: Adsorption, friction, and normal forces","volume":"47","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.07.027","article-title":"Comparison of friction and wear of articular cartilage on different length scales","volume":"48","author":"Kienle","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-016-0807-0","article-title":"Relative contribution of articular cartilage\u2019s constitutive components to load support depending on strain rate","volume":"16","author":"Quiroga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomech. Modeling Mechanobiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.016","article-title":"Human talar and femoral cartilage have distinct mechanical properties near the articular surface","volume":"49","author":"Henak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1159\/000016774","article-title":"Effect of mechanical load on articular cartilage collagen structure: A scanning electron-microscopic study","volume":"167","author":"Ito","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2012.670854","article-title":"A hyperelastic biphasic fibre-reinforced model of articular cartilage considering distributed collagen fibre orientations: Continuum basis, computational aspects and applications","volume":"16","author":"Pierce","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.12.025","article-title":"Importance of depth-wise distribution of collagen and proteoglycans in articular cartilage\u2014A 3D finite element study of stresses and strains in human knee joint","volume":"46","author":"Halonen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.36.2.121","article-title":"Chemical composition and swelling of normal and osteoarthrotic femoral head cartilage. I. Chemical composition","volume":"36","author":"Venn","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.36.5.399","article-title":"Chemical composition and swelling of normal and osteoarthrotic femoral head cartilage. II. Swelling","volume":"36","author":"Maroudas","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-00306-w","article-title":"Crosstalk between mechanotransduction and metabolism","volume":"22","author":"Romani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.08.021","article-title":"Moderate dynamic compression inhibits pro-catabolic response of cartilage to mechanical injury, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6, but accentuates degradation above a strain threshold","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24095","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M510858200","article-title":"Shear and compression differentially regulate clusters of functionally related temporal transcription patterns in cartilage tissue","volume":"281","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.2.1.691","article-title":"Cartilage tissue remodeling in reponse to mechanical forces","volume":"2","author":"Grodzinsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.108.4.1497","article-title":"Mechanical compression modulates matrix biosynthesis in chondrocyte\/agarose culture","volume":"108","author":"Buschmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47275","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M304652200","article-title":"CITED2-mediated regulation of MMP-1 and MMP-13 in human chondrocytes under flow shear","volume":"278","author":"Yokota","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100140112","article-title":"Expression of Interleukin-6 in Osteosrthritic Chondrocytes and the Effects of Fluid-Induced Shear on This Expression in Normal Human Chondrocytes in Vitro","volume":"14","author":"Mohtai","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28388","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M301378200","article-title":"Shear-induced cyclooxygenase-2 via a JNK2\/c-Jun-dependent pathway regulates prostaglandin receptor expression in chondrocytic cells","volume":"278","author":"Abulencia","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14010","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506620102","article-title":"Divergent responses of chondrocytes and endothelial cells to shear stress: Cross-talk among COX-2, the phase 2 response, and apoptosis","volume":"102","author":"Healy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1146","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00542.2007","article-title":"Elucidation of the signaling network of COX-2 induction in sheared chondrocytes: COX-2 is induced via a Rac\/MEKK1\/MKK7\/JNK2\/c-Jun-C\/EBPbeta-dependent pathway","volume":"294","author":"Healy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-184861","article-title":"Response of chondrocytes to shear stress: Antagonistic effects of the binding partners Toll-like receptor 4 and caveolin-1","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4664","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-234542","article-title":"Fluid shear stress-induced osteoarthritis: Roles of cyclooxygenase-2 and its metabolic products in inducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2005513","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202005513","article-title":"Recent Progress in Cartilage Lubrication","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5852","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219289110","article-title":"Role of lubricin and boundary lubrication in the prevention of chondrocyte apoptosis","volume":"110","author":"Waller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.04.020","article-title":"Microscale frictional strains determine chondrocyte fate in loaded cartilage","volume":"74","author":"Bonnevie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1648(62)90176-X","article-title":"The frictional properties of animal joints","volume":"5","author":"McCutchen","year":"1962","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1038\/185920b0","article-title":"Lubrication of mammalian joints","volume":"185","author":"Lewis","year":"1960","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1038\/1841284a0","article-title":"Mechanism of animal joints: Sponge-hydrostatic and weeping bearings","volume":"184","author":"McCutchen","year":"1959","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.04.040","article-title":"The role of interstitial fluid pressurization in articular cartilage lubrication","volume":"42","author":"Ateshian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2834416","article-title":"The role of interstitial fluid pressurization and surface porosities on the boundary friction of articular cartilage","volume":"120","author":"Ateshian","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Tribol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22446","article-title":"Boundary lubrication of articular cartilage\u2014Role of synovial fluid constituents","volume":"56","author":"Schmidt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2006.06.005","article-title":"Effect of synovial fluid on boundary lubrication of articular cartilage","volume":"15","author":"Schmidt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3152","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201302959","article-title":"Shear-Induced Aggregation of Mammalian Synovial Fluid Components under Boundary Lubrication Conditions","volume":"24","author":"Banquy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"E567","article-title":"Stick-slip friction and wear of articular joints","volume":"110","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, W., Liu, Z., Kampf, N., and Klein, J. (2020). The Role of Hyaluronic Acid in Cartilage Boundary Lubrication. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9071606"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.1021\/bm2004912","article-title":"Articular Cartilage Proteoglycans As Boundary Lubricants: Structure and Frictional Interaction of Surface-Attached Hyaluronan and Hyaluronan-Aggrecan Complexes","volume":"12","author":"Seror","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.6b00614","article-title":"Normal and Frictional Interactions between Liposome-Bearing Biomacromolecular Bilayers","volume":"17","author":"Klein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/228377a0","article-title":"Separation of a hyaluronate-free lubricating fraction from synovial fluid","volume":"228","author":"Radin","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1021\/bm400327a","article-title":"Synergistic interactions between grafted hyaluronic acid and lubricin provide enhanced wear protection and lubrication","volume":"14","author":"Das","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.106.088799","article-title":"Adsorption, lubrication, and wear of lubricin on model surfaces: Polymer brush-like behavior of a glycoprotein","volume":"92","author":"Zappone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.43.4.641","article-title":"Surfactants indentified synovial fluid and their ability to act as boudary lubricants","volume":"43","author":"Hills","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.03.098","article-title":"Origins of extreme boundary lubrication by phosphatidylcholine liposomes","volume":"34","author":"Sorkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1039\/C5SM02475G","article-title":"Hydration lubrication and shear-induced self-healing of lipid bilayer boundary lubricants in phosphatidylcholine dispersions","volume":"12","author":"Sorkin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"2454","article-title":"The effect of phospholipase digestion upon the boundary lubricating ability of synovial fluid","volume":"26","author":"Jay","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6497","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7497","article-title":"Supramolecular synergy in the boundary lubrication of synovial joints","volume":"6","author":"Seror","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.06.043","article-title":"Ultra-low friction between boundary layers of hyaluronan-phosphatidylcholine complexes","volume":"59","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hyaluronan-Phospholipids interactions","volume":"129","author":"Quaglino","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5059","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.5b00327","article-title":"Hydration Lubrication: The Macromolecular Domain","volume":"48","author":"Jahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40544-013-0001-7","article-title":"Hydration lubrication","volume":"1","author":"Klein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Friction"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-081514-123305","article-title":"Lubrication of Articular Cartilage","volume":"18","author":"Jahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosinska, M.K., Ludwig, T.E., Liebisch, G., Zhang, R., Siebert, H.-C., Wilhelm, J., Kaesser, U., Dettmeyer, R.B., Klein, H., and Ishaque, B. (2015). Articular Joint Lubricants during Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis Display Altered Levels and Molecular Species. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125192"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2680","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27577","article-title":"Increased Friction Coefficient and Superficial zone Protein Expression in Patients With Advanced Osteoarthritis","volume":"62","author":"Neu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22321","article-title":"Reduced expression and proteolytic susceptibility of lubricin\/superficial zone protein may explain early elevation in the coefficient of friction in the joints of rats with antigen-induced arthritis","volume":"56","author":"Elsaid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34520","article-title":"Effects of equine joint injury on boundary lubrication of articular cartilage by synovial fluid: Role of hyaluronan","volume":"64","author":"Antonacci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4048","article-title":"Enhanced lubrication on tissue and biomaterial surfaces through peptide-mediated binding of hyaluronic acid","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.08.045","article-title":"A hyaluronic acid binding peptide-polymer system for treating osteoarthritis","volume":"183","author":"Faust","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crbiot.2020.02.002","article-title":"Peptide-Modified Chondroitin Sulfate Reduces Coefficient of Friction at Articular Cartilage Surface","volume":"2","author":"Twitchell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4135","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.9b00964","article-title":"Bioinspired Hyaluronic Acid\/Phosphorylcholine Polymer with Enhanced Lubrication and Anti-Inflammation","volume":"20","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2020.110977","article-title":"A bioinspired mucoadhesive restores lubrication of degraded cartilage through reestablishment of lamina splendens","volume":"193","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2794","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b07847","article-title":"Nanoassemblies of Tissue-Reactive, Polyoxazoline Graft-Copolymers Restore the Lubrication Properties of Degraded Cartilage","volume":"11","author":"Morgese","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201712534","article-title":"Cyclic Polymer Grafts That Lubricate and Protect Damaged Cartilage","volume":"57","author":"Morgese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Angew Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotri.2017.02.001","article-title":"Tunable Lubricin-mimetics for Boundary Lubrication of Cartilage","volume":"9","author":"Samaroo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotribology"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519898691","article-title":"Effect of Lubricin Mimetics on the Inhibition of Osteoarthritis in a Rat Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection Model","volume":"48","author":"Nemirov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23370","article-title":"Binding and lubrication of biomimetic boundary lubricants on articular cartilage","volume":"35","author":"Samaroo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000135","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.202000135","article-title":"Polystyrene Nanospheres Modified with a Hydrophilic Polymer Brush through Subsurface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization as Biolubricating Additive","volume":"305","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2021.111973","article-title":"Synthesis of charged chitosan nanoparticles as functional biolubricant","volume":"206","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.119931","article-title":"Cartilage matrix-inspired biomimetic superlubricated nanospheres for treatment of osteoarthritis","volume":"242","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.110886","article-title":"Lubrication and drug release behaviors of mesoporous silica nanoparticles grafted with sulfobetaine-based zwitterionic polymer","volume":"112","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"3596","article-title":"Biomimetic injectable hydrogel microspheres with enhanced lubrication and controllable drug release for the treatment of osteoarthritis","volume":"6","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03547976","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid in synovial fluid. VI. Effect of intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid on the clinical symptoms of arthritis in track horses","volume":"11","author":"Rydell","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"731","article-title":"Preliminary clinical assessment of Na-hyaluronate injection into human arthritic joints","volume":"22","author":"Peyron","year":"1974","journal-title":"Pathol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1169399","article-title":"Lubrication at physiological pressures by polyzwitterionic brushes","volume":"323","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23726","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c04899","article-title":"Nanostructured Coating for Biomaterial Lubrication through Biomacromolecular Recruitment","volume":"12","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6199","DOI":"10.1021\/ja501770y","article-title":"Bioinspired Bottle-Brush Polymer Exhibits Low Friction and Amontons-like Behavior","volume":"136","author":"Banquy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4140","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.8b01676","article-title":"Intermolecular Interactions between Bottlebrush Polymers Boost the Protection of Surfaces against Frictional Wear","volume":"30","author":"Faivre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12437","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1900716116","article-title":"Boundary mode lubrication of articular cartilage with a biomimetic diblock copolymer","volume":"116","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmacrolett.5b00860","article-title":"Magnetite-Loaded Thermosensitive Nanogels for Bioinspired Lubrication and Multimodal Friction Control","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Macro Lett."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20452","DOI":"10.1021\/am506026e","article-title":"Hairy Polyelectrolyte Brushes-Grafted Thermosensitive Microgels as Artificial Synovial Fluid for Simultaneous Biomimetic Lubrication and Arthritis Treatment","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acs Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9178","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b00405","article-title":"Soft\/Hard-Coupled Amphiphilic Polymer Nanospheres for Water Lubrication","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater. Interfaces"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/20\/6122\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:11:29Z","timestamp":1760166689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/20\/6122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules26206122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26206122","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]}}}