{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:44:02Z","timestamp":1787921042779,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Herpesviruses establish long-term latent infection for the life of the host and are known to cause numerous diseases. The prevalence of viral infection is significantly increased and causes a worldwide challenge in terms of health issues due to drug resistance. Prolonged treatment with conventional antiviral drugs is more likely to develop drug-resistant strains due to mutations of thymidine nucleoside kinase or DNA polymerase. Hence, the development of alternative treatments is clearly required. Natural products and their derivatives have played a significant role in treating herpesvirus infection rather than nucleoside analogs in drug-resistant strains with minimal undesirable effects and different mechanisms of action. Numerous plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria-derived compounds have been proved to be efficient and safe for treating human herpesvirus infection. This review covers the natural antiherpetic agents with the chemical structural class of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, polyphenols, anthraquinones, anthracyclines, and miscellaneous compounds, and their antiviral mechanisms have been summarized. This review would be helpful to get a better grasp of anti-herpesvirus activity of natural products and their derivatives, and to evaluate the feasibility of natural compounds as an alternative therapy against herpesvirus infections in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26206290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T22:52:47Z","timestamp":1634683967000},"page":"6290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Natural Products and Their Derivatives against Human Herpesvirus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Chattarin","family":"Ruchawapol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si-Min","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Wei","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Xi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00448-w","article-title":"The structural basis of herpesvirus entry","volume":"19","author":"Connolly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.06.014","article-title":"Viral latency and its regulation: Lessons from the gamma-herpesviruses","volume":"8","author":"Speck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson, A.L., Woodward, J., and Wysocki, S. (2006). Genital Herpes. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Humana Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-040-9"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weidner-Glunde, M., Kruminis-Kaszkiel, E., and Savanagouder, M. (2020). Herpesviral latency\u2014common themes. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9020125"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Baron, S. (1996). Herpesviruses. Medical Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ijos.2016.3","article-title":"New strategies against drug resistance to herpes simplex virus","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2010.10.025","article-title":"High incidence of herpes zoster in nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"17","author":"Su","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Blood and Marrow Transpl."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.9.3.361","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus","volume":"9","author":"Arvin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1053\/spid.2002.29752","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus infection","volume":"13","author":"Whitley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(10)70002-0","article-title":"Advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis and epidemiology of herpes zoster","volume":"48","author":"Gershon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Mahy, B.W., and Van Regenmortel, M.H. (2010). Herpesviruses: General features. Desk encyclopedia of human and medical virology, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-017-9984-8","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus (CMV) research in immune senescence comes of age: Overview of the 6th International workshop on CMV and immunosenescence","volume":"39","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.655","article-title":"Review of cytomegalovirus seroprevalence and demographic characteristics associated with infection","volume":"20","author":"Cannon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"421","article-title":"Infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome and gastrointestinal disorders in acute acquired cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"46","author":"Meunier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Singapore Med. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2010.03074.x","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of 200 days valganciclovir cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in high-risk kidney transplant recipients","volume":"10","author":"Humar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"211","article-title":"Common skin rashes in children","volume":"92","author":"Allmon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. Fam Physician."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042207","article-title":"A population-based study of primary human herpesvirus 6 infection","volume":"352","author":"Zerr","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2012.01443.x","article-title":"Human herpesvirus-6 infections in kidney, liver, lung, and heart transplantation","volume":"25","author":"Lautenschlager","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1584793","article-title":"Herpesvirus respiratory infections in immunocompromised patients: Epidemiology, management, and outcomes","volume":"37","author":"Reid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-013-1902-5","article-title":"Classification of HHV-6A and HHV-6B as distinct viruses","volume":"159","author":"Ablashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2004.11.008","article-title":"The natural history and laboratory diagnosis of human herpesviruses-6 and-7 infections in the immunocompetent","volume":"32","author":"Ward","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.062216","article-title":"Human herpesviruses-6 and -7 each cause significant neurological morbidity in Britain and Ireland","volume":"90","author":"Ward","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Childh."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Bennett, J.E., Dolin, R., and Blaser, M.J. (2015). Chapter 142\u2014Human herpesvirus types 6 and 7 (Exanthem Subitum). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett\u2019s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, W.B. Saunders. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2014.09.019","article-title":"The development of new therapies for human herpesvirus 6","volume":"9","author":"Prichard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200008173430707","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection","volume":"343","author":"Cohen","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"14656","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorders: Experimental and clinical developments","volume":"8","author":"Geng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathol.1.110304.100133","article-title":"KSHV infection and the pathogenesis of Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma","volume":"1","author":"Ganem","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2007.047969","article-title":"Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus\/human herpesvirus 8 and lymphoproliferative disorders","volume":"60","author":"Du","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin Pathol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jha, H.C., Banerjee, S., and Robertson, E.S. (2016). The role of gammaherpesviruses in cancer pathogenesis. Pathogens, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens5010018"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.15.85","article-title":"Cell entry mechanisms of HSV: What we have learned in recent years","volume":"10","author":"Agelidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13557","article-title":"Structural basis for Epstein\u2013Barr virus host cell tropism mediated by gp42 and gHgL entry glycoproteins","volume":"7","author":"Sathiyamoorthy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8999","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01325-15","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus gH\/gL\/gO promotes the fusion step of entry into all cell types, whereas gH\/gL\/UL128-131 broadens virus tropism through a distinct mechanism","volume":"89","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00869","article-title":"Herpesvirus late gene expression: A viral-specific pre-initiation complex is key","volume":"7","author":"Gruffat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Wang, X.H., Luo, Z., Liu, L.F., Yan, C., Yan, C.Y., Chen, G.D., Gao, H., Duan, W.J., and Kurihara, H. (2018). Traditional Chinese medicine as a potential source for HSV-1 therapy by acting on virus or the susceptibility of host. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103266"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3731","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02250-06","article-title":"Sialic acid on herpes simplex virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins is required for efficient infection of cells","volume":"81","author":"Teuton","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldt011","article-title":"Recent developments in anti-herpesvirus drugs","volume":"106","author":"Field","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrei, G., and Snoeck, R. (2021). Advances and perspectives in the management of Varicella-Zoster virus infections. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26041132"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12436","article-title":"Bioactive natural products with anti-herpes simplex virus properties","volume":"67","author":"Hassan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, I., Aqil, F., and Owais, M. (2006). Ethnomedicinal antivirals: Scope and opportunity. Modern Phytomedicine: Turning Medicinal Plants into Drugs, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527609987"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.10.006","article-title":"Traditional Chinese herbal medicine as a source of molecules with antiviral activity","volume":"97","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00139","article-title":"Current antivirals and novel botanical molecules interfering with herpes simplex virus infection","volume":"11","author":"Castillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Treml, J., Gazdov\u00e1, M., \u0160mejkal, K., \u0160udomov\u00e1, M., Kubatka, P., and Hassan, S.T. (2020). Natural products-derived chemicals: Breaking barriers to novel anti-HSV drug development. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020154"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515690X20978394","DOI":"10.1177\/2515690X20978394","article-title":"Review of whole plant extracts with activity against herpes simplex viruses in vitro and in vivo","volume":"26","author":"Garber","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Evid.-Based Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Tremblay, C., Hirsch, M.S., and McGovern, B.H. (2021, August 26). Human herpesvirus 7 infection. UpToDate, Available online: https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/human-herpesvirus-7-infection?_escaped_fragment_=."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-013-3450-9","article-title":"Bioactive activities of natural products against herpesvirus infection","volume":"51","author":"Son","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van de Sand, L., Bormann, M., Schmitz, Y., Heilingloh, C.S., Witzke, O., and Krawczyk, A. (2021). Antiviral Active Compounds Derived from natural sources against herpes simplex viruses. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071386"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-019-8514-z","article-title":"Anti-varicella-zoster virus activity of cephalotaxine esters in vitro","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, H.J., Wang, Z.H., Meng, W., Li, C.C., Hu, Y.X., Zhou, L., and Wang, X.J. (2018). The natural compound homoharringtonine presents broad antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10110601"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5068","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02427-14","article-title":"Downregulation of cellular c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase and NF-\u03baB activation by berberine may result in inhibition of herpes simplex virus replication","volume":"58","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-010-0779-9","article-title":"Anti-herpes simplex virus effects of berberine from Coptidis rhizoma, a major component of a Chinese herbal medicine, Ching-Wei-San","volume":"155","author":"Chin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112405","article-title":"Antiviral effect of Chinese herbal prescription JieZe-1 on adhesion and penetration of VK2\/E6E7 with herpes simplex viruses type 2","volume":"249","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1206-x","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of an aqueous extract from Cortex Phellodendri on the growth and replication of broad-spectrum of viruses in vitro and in vivo","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2017.5489","article-title":"Berberine inhibits the proliferation of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells via an Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1-dependent mechanism","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-13-619","article-title":"Berberine suppresses tumorigenicity and growth of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by inhibiting STAT3 activation induced by tumor associated fibroblasts","volume":"13","author":"Tsang","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.103802","article-title":"Berberine and ginsenoside Rg3 act synergistically via the MAPK\/ERK pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells","volume":"66","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2016.3502","article-title":"Berberine induces mitochondrial apoptosis of EBV-transformed B cells through p53-mediated regulation of XAF1 and GADD45\u03b1","volume":"49","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.02.006","article-title":"The isoquinoline alkaloid berberine inhibits human cytomegalovirus replication by interfering with the viral Immediate Early-2 (IE2) protein transactivating activity","volume":"164","author":"Luganini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2006.12.085","article-title":"Antiviral activity of berberine and related compounds against human cytomegalovirus","volume":"17","author":"Hayashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02037.x","article-title":"Antiviral activity of a bile pigment, biliverdin, against human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) in vitro","volume":"36","author":"Nakagami","year":"1992","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00756-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00756-18","article-title":"Repurposing Cytarabine for Treating Primary effusion lymphoma by targeting Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latent and lytic replications","volume":"9","author":"Gruffaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.13005\/bpj\/1757","article-title":"Computational investigation of marine bioactive compounds reveals frigocyclinone as a potent inhibitor of Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) targets","volume":"12","author":"Ponnusamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacol. J."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"717","article-title":"Inhibition of viral proteases by Zingiberaceae extracts and flavones isolated from Kaempferia parviflora","volume":"61","author":"Sookkongwaree","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmazie. Int. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2011.06.014","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of tricin derivative from Sasa albo-marginata on replication of human cytomegalovirus","volume":"91","author":"Akuzawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2012.05.017","article-title":"Anti-cytomegalovirus effects of tricin are dependent on CXCL11","volume":"14","author":"Murayama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.09.018","article-title":"Inhibition of human cytomegalovirus replication by tricin is associated with depressed CCL2 expression","volume":"148","author":"Akai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12590","article-title":"Tricin inhibits the CCL5 induction required for efficient growth of human cytomegalovirus","volume":"62","author":"Itoh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.12398","article-title":"The anti-human cytomegalovirus drug tricin inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase 9","volume":"8","author":"Sadanari","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(02)00007-4","article-title":"Antiviral activity of Plantago major extracts and related compounds in vitro","volume":"55","author":"Chiang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02978215","article-title":"Antiherpetic activities of flavonoids against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) in vitro","volume":"28","author":"Lyu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.04.205","article-title":"Inhibitory role of baicalin on human herpes virus type 6 in vitro","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2015.12.012","article-title":"Drug repurposing approach identifies inhibitors of the prototypic viral transcription factor IE2 that block human cytomegalovirus replication","volume":"23","author":"Mercorelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Bio."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nukui, M., O\u2019Connor, C.M., and Murphy, E.A. (2018). The natural flavonoid compound deguelin inhibits HCMV lytic replication within fibroblasts. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201810.0397.v1"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2005.04270.x","article-title":"Antiviral activities of extracts and selected pure constituents of Ocimum basilicum","volume":"32","author":"Chiang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1087-8303","article-title":"Antiviral activity of a Arisaema tortuosum leaf extract and some of its constituents against herpes simplex virus type 2","volume":"86","author":"Marengo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.3923\/ajbs.2019.917.926","article-title":"Evaluation of antiviral efficacy of Punica granatum L. on human herpes virus-3 (Varicella Zoster virus)","volume":"12","author":"Angamuthu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-016-0313-9","article-title":"Inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation by the flavonoid apigenin","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2005.08.002","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus-inhibitory flavonoids: Studies on antiviral activity and mechanism of action","volume":"68","author":"Evers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antivir. Res"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-017-0632-z","article-title":"Apigenin, by activating p53 and inhibiting STAT3, modulates the balance between pro-apoptotic and pro-survival pathways to induce PEL cell death","volume":"36","author":"Granato","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112493","article-title":"Bioactive constituents of Lindernia crustacea and its anti-EBV effect via Rta expression inhibition in the viral lytic cycle","volume":"250","author":"Tsai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharm."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01916-2","article-title":"Wogonin inhibits in vitro herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 infection by modulating cellular NF-\u03baB and MAPK pathways","volume":"20","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.05.031","article-title":"Wogonin inhibits Varicella-Zoster (shingles) virus replication via modulation of type I interferon signaling and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activity","volume":"17","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-017-3145-4","article-title":"Wogonin as a targeted therapeutic agent for EBV (+) lymphoma cells involved in LMP1\/NF-\u03baB\/miR-155\/PU. 1 pathway","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112296","article-title":"Multiple In vitro biological effects of phenolic compounds from Morus alba root bark","volume":"248","author":"Hassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/095632020701800303","article-title":"Anticytomegalovirus Activity of Pristimerin, a Triterpenoid Quinone Methide Isolated fromMaytenus Heterophylla(Eckl. & Zeyh.)","volume":"18","author":"Murayama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antivir. Chem. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/281689a0","article-title":"Glycyrrhizic acid inhibits virus growth and inactivates virus particles","volume":"281","author":"Pompei","year":"1979","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/18.Supplement_B.185","article-title":"The antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus of the triterpenoid compounds carbenoxolone sodium and cicloxolone sodium","volume":"18","author":"Dargan","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.39.112","article-title":"Antiviral activities of glycyrrhizin and its modified compounds against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in vitro","volume":"39","author":"Hirabayashi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.28.1779","article-title":"Anti-herpes virus type 1 activity of oleanane-type triterpenoids","volume":"28","author":"Ikeda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(03)00030-5","article-title":"Mechanism of action of glycyrrhizic acid in inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus replication in vitro","volume":"59","author":"Lin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antivir Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2008.01.160","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of some derivatives of glycyrrhizic acid against Epstein-Barr virus infection: Structure\u2013activity relationships","volume":"79","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bentz, G.L., Lowrey, A.J., Horne, D.C., Nguyen, V., Satterfield, A.R., Ross, T.D., Harrod, A.E., Uchakina, O.N., and McKallip, R.J. (2019). Using glycyrrhizic acid to target sumoylation processes during Epstein-Barr virus latency. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217578"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11159","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00720-11","article-title":"Mechanism of glycyrrhizic acid inhibition of Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: Disruption of CTCF-cohesin-mediated RNA polymerase II pausing and sister chromatid cohesion","volume":"85","author":"Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/IM9.0000000000000016","article-title":"Allicin and glycyrrhizic acid display antiviral activity against latent and lytic Kaposi Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus","volume":"2","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Microbes Dis."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200523334","article-title":"Glycyrrhizic acid alters Kaposi sarcoma\u2013associated herpesvirus latency, triggering p53-mediated apoptosis in transformed B lymphocytes","volume":"115","author":"Curreli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.12.023","article-title":"Triptolide inhibits proliferation of Epstein\u2013Barr virus-positive B lymphocytes by down-regulating expression of a viral protein LMP1","volume":"456","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-018-0865-5","article-title":"Triptolide inhibits Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 expression by increasing sensitivity of mitochondria apoptosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells","volume":"37","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2021.12541","article-title":"Triptolide inhibits human telomerase reverse transcriptase by downregulating translation factors SP1 and c-Myc in Epstein-Barr virus-positive B lymphocytes","volume":"21","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2016.3353","article-title":"Triptolide decreases expression of latency-associated nuclear antigen 1 and reduces viral titers in Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-associated and herpesvirus-related primary effusion lymphoma cells","volume":"48","author":"Long","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822011000400049","article-title":"Antiviral activity of the Lippia graveolens (Mexican oregano) essential oil and its main compound carvacrol against human and animal viruses","volume":"42","author":"Pilau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"73","article-title":"Antiviral activity of monoterpenes thymol, carvacrol and p-cymene against herpes simplex virus in vitro","volume":"1","author":"Salehi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Pharm. Acta"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"113","article-title":"Anti-viral effect and mechanism of carvacrol on herpes simplex virus type 1","volume":"5","author":"Kamalabadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Lab."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1315208","article-title":"Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 by thymol-related monoterpenoids","volume":"78","author":"Lai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05556-9","article-title":"Antiviral mechanism of carvacrol on HSV-2 infectivity through inhibition of RIP3-mediated programmed cell necrosis pathway and ubiquitin-proteasome system in BSC-1 cells","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brezani, V., Lelakova, V., Hassan, S.T.S., Berchova-Bimova, K., Novy, P., Kloucek, P., Marsik, P., Dall\u2019Acqua, S., Hosek, J., and Smejkal, K. (2018). Anti-Infectivity against Herpes Simplex Virus and Selected Microbes and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Compounds Isolated from Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10070360"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(99)00042-X","article-title":"Resveratrol inhibition of herpes simplex virus replication","volume":"43","author":"Docherty","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2003.07.001","article-title":"Effect of topically applied resveratrol on cutaneous herpes simplex virus infections in hairless mice","volume":"61","author":"Docherty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2005.06.008","article-title":"Effect of resveratrol on herpes simplex virus vaginal infection in the mouse","volume":"67","author":"Docherty","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2006.06.011","article-title":"Resveratrol suppresses nuclear factor-\u03baB in herpes simplex virus infected cells","volume":"72","author":"Faith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2008.05.002","article-title":"Anti-herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) activity of oxyresveratrol derived from Thai medicinal plant: Mechanism of action and therapeutic efficacy on cutaneous HSV-1 infection in mice","volume":"80","author":"Chuanasa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antivir Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.05.001","article-title":"Inhibition of herpes simplex virus infection by oligomeric stilbenoids through ROS generation","volume":"95","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2006.07.004","article-title":"Resveratrol inhibition of varicella-zoster virus replication in vitro","volume":"72","author":"Docherty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.2002.0992","article-title":"Chemopreventive effect of resveratrol, sesamol, sesame oil and sunflower oil in the Epstein\u2013Barr virus early antigen activation assay and the mouse skin two-stage carcinogenesis","volume":"45","author":"Kapadia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7115","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15107115","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of resveratrol on the Epstein-Barr virus lytic cycle","volume":"15","author":"Yiu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.09.003","article-title":"Resveratrol inhibits Epstein Barr Virus lytic cycle in Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma cells by affecting multiple molecular targets","volume":"96","author":"Arena","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espinoza, J.L., Takami, A., Trung, L.Q., Kato, S., and Nakao, S. (2012). Resveratrol prevents EBV transformation and inhibits the outgrowth of EBV-immortalized human B cells. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051306"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2004.03.002","article-title":"3, 4\u2019 5-Trihydroxy-trans-stilbene (resveratrol) inhibits human cytomegalovirus replication and virus-induced cellular signaling","volume":"63","author":"Evers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyson, O.F., Walker, L.R., Whitehouse, A., Cook, P.P., and Akula, S.M. (2012). Resveratrol inhibits KSHV reactivation by lowering the levels of cellular EGR-1. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033364"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2015.10.025","article-title":"Resveratrol induces cell death and inhibits human herpesvirus 8 replication in primary effusion lymphoma cells","volume":"242","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00825-07","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate inactivates clinical isolates of herpes simplex virus","volume":"52","author":"Isaacs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5646","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05531-11","article-title":"Digallate dimers of (\u2212)-epigallocatechin gallate inactivate herpes simplex virus","volume":"55","author":"Isaacs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.11.006","article-title":"Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 with the modified green tea polyphenol palmitoyl-epigallocatechin gallate","volume":"52","author":"Adams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7806","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00896-14","article-title":"A small molecule inhibits virion attachment to heparan sulfate-or sialic acid-containing glycans","volume":"88","author":"Colpitts","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2018.03.015","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus virucidal activity of MST-312 and epigallocatechin gallate","volume":"249","author":"Pradhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C.Y., Yu, Z.Y., Chen, Y.C., and Hung, S.L. (2020). Effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate and acyclovir on herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in oral epithelial cells. J. Formos. Med. Assoc., (In press).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2020.12.018"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(03)00067-6","article-title":"Inhibition of Epstein\u2013Barr virus lytic cycle by (\u2212)-epigallocatechin gallate","volume":"301","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgs364","article-title":"(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibition of Epstein\u2013Barr virus spontaneous lytic infection involves ERK1\/2 and PI3-K\/Akt signaling in EBV-positive cells","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"1105","article-title":"(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus spontaneous lytic infection involves downregulation of latent membrane protein 1","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, C.Y., Chen, C.Y., Chiou, Y.H., Shyu, H.W., Lin, K.H., Chou, M.C., Huang, M.H., and Wang, Y.F. (2018). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate suppresses human herpesvirus 8 replication and induces ROS leading to apoptosis and autophagy in primary effusion lymphoma cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010016"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.6b00415","article-title":"Semisynthesis of (-)-Rutamarin derivatives and their inhibitory activity on Epstein\u2013Barr virus lytic replication","volume":"80","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01259-13","article-title":"Antiviral activity of (+)-rutamarin against Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus by inhibition of the catalytic activity of human topoisomerase II","volume":"58","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02367","article-title":"Hampering herpesviruses HHV-1 and HHV-2 infection by extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) and its phytochemical constituents","volume":"10","author":"Sochocka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhutta, M.S., Shechter, O., Gallo, E.S., Martin, S.D., Jones, E., Doncel, G.F., and Borenstein, R. (2021). Ginkgolic acid inhibits herpes simplex virus type 1 skin infection and prevents zosteriform spread in mice. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13010086"},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ginkgolic acid inhibits fusion of enveloped viruses","volume":"10","author":"Borenstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.242","article-title":"Emodin is a novel alkaline nuclease inhibitor that suppresses herpes simplex virus type 1 yields in cell cultures","volume":"155","author":"Hsiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.059","article-title":"The effect of emodin, an anthraquinone derivative extracted from the roots of Rheum tanguticum, against herpes simplex virus in vitro and in vivo","volume":"133","author":"Xiong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2020.1853989","article-title":"The intervention mechanism of emodin on TLR3 pathway in the process of central nervous system injury caused by herpes virus infection","volume":"43","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules19011258","article-title":"Inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus lytic cycle by an ethyl acetate subfraction separated from Polygonum cuspidatum root and its major component, emodin","volume":"19","author":"Yiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C.C., Chen, M.S., Cheng, Y.J., Ko, Y.C., Lin, S.F., Chiu, I.M., and Chen, J.Y. (2019). Emodin inhibits EBV reactivation and represses NPC tumorigenesis. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11111795"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(92)90091-I","article-title":"Evaluation of the antiviral activity of anthraquinones, anthrones and anthraquinone derivatives against human cytomegalovirus","volume":"17","author":"Barnard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8515","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.2335","article-title":"Efficient lytic induction of Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) by the anthracyclines","volume":"5","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1080\/00397911.2010.538887","article-title":"New method for the synthesis of ether derivatives of artemisinin","volume":"42","author":"Bora","year":"2012","journal-title":"Synth. Commun."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.orglett.6b00906","article-title":"Filicinic acid based meroterpenoids with anti-Epstein\u2013Barr virus activities from Hypericum japonicum","volume":"18","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, R., Le, Z., Wang, Z., Tian, S., Xue, Y., Chen, Y., Hu, L., and Zhang, Y. (2018). Hyperjaponol H, a new bioactive filicinic acid-based meroterpenoid from Hypericum japonicum Thunb. ex Murray. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23030683"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5b01119","article-title":"(\u00b1)-Japonicols A\u2013D, acylphloroglucinol-based meroterpenoid enantiomers with anti-KSHV activities from Hypericum japonicum","volume":"79","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24101","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA04073G","article-title":"Discovery of acylphloroglucinol-based meroterpenoid enantiomers as KSHV inhibitors from Hypericum japonicum","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"1","article-title":"(\u00b1)-Japonones A and B, two pairs of new enantiomers with anti-KSHV activities from Hypericum japonicum","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, L., Wang, Z., Zhang, J., Lu, Y., Wang, K., Xue, Y., Zhang, Y., and Zhang, Y. (2016). Two new bioactive \u03b1-pyrones from Hypericum japonicum. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21040515"},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"321","article-title":"Ethnopharmacology, chemodiversity, and bioactivity of Cephalotaxus medicinal plants","volume":"19","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160udomov\u00e1, M., Berchov\u00e1-B\u00edmov\u00e1, K., Marzocco, S., Liskova, A., Kubatka, P., and Hassan, S.T. (2021). Berberine in human oncogenic herpesvirus infections and their linked cancers. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061014"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111091","article-title":"Marine-derived drugs: Recent advances in cancer therapy and immune signaling","volume":"134","author":"Saeed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elshamy, A.I., Mohamed, T.A., Essa, A.F., Gawad, A.E., Ahmed, M., Alqahtani, A.S., Shahat, A.A., Yoneyama, T., Farrag, A.R.H., and Noji, M. (2019). Recent advances in Kaempferia phytochemistry and biological activity: A comprehensive review. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102396"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1021\/mp3007067","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus protease targeted prodrug development","volume":"10","author":"Sabit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/095632020801900303","article-title":"Anti-human cytomegalovirus activity of constituents from Sasa albo-marginata (Kumazasa in Japan)","volume":"19","author":"Sakai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antivir. Chem. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582843","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2582843","article-title":"Systematic understanding of the mechanism of baicalin against ischemic stroke through a network pharmacology approach","volume":"2018","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2012.36","article-title":"Deguelin, a novel anti-tumorigenic agent targeting apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and anti-angiogenesis for cancer chemoprevention","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercorelli, B., Luganini, A., Pal\u00f9, G., Gribaudo, G., and Loregian, A. (2019). Drug repurposing campaigns for human cytomegalovirus identify a natural compound targeting the immediate-early 2 (IE2) protein: A comment on \u201cthe natural flavonoid compound deguelin inhibits HCMV lytic replication within fibroblasts\u201d. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11020117"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18011325","article-title":"Chemical constituents of Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) alston","volume":"18","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(99)00065-5","article-title":"Flavonoid glycosides from Crotalaria podocarpa","volume":"51","author":"Wanjala","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.07.112","article-title":"Isolation, identification and activity of natural antioxidants from horehound (Marrubium vulgare L.) cultivated in Lithuania","volume":"130","author":"Pukalskas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9779","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05972-9","article-title":"Potential therapeutic and pharmacological effects of wogonin: An updated review","volume":"47","author":"Huynh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.680674","article-title":"Research progress on the antiviral activity of glycyrrhizin and its derivatives in liquorice","volume":"12","author":"Huan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_162","unstructured":"Yang, X.W. (2021, August 20). Antiviral effect of glycyrrhizic acid. Available online: https:\/\/pesquisa.bvsalud.org\/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov\/resource\/pt\/ppcovidwho-5285."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01605-2","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of B-lymphocyte transformation by Epstein\u2013Barr virus","volume":"4","author":"Bishop","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microb. Infect."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4415","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.7.4415-4424.2005","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus transforming protein LMP1 plays a critical role in virus production","volume":"79","author":"Ahsan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18010963","article-title":"Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from different parts of Leonurus japonicus Houtt","volume":"18","author":"Xiong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b01116","article-title":"Phytol, a chlorophyll component, produces antihyperalgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiarthritic effects: Possible NF\u03baB pathway involvement and reduced levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6","volume":"83","author":"Carvalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, L., and Yao, L. (2020). Antiviral effects of plant-derived essential oils and their components: An updated review. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25112627"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1021\/np0001981","article-title":"Cypellocarpins A\u2212C, Phenol Glycosides Esterified with Oleuropeic Acid, from Eucalyptus Cypellocarpa","volume":"63","author":"Ito","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2010.07.029","article-title":"Synthesis of the monoterpenoid esters cypellocarpin C and cuniloside B and evidence for their widespread occurrence in Eucalyptus","volume":"345","author":"Hakki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(93)85412-K","article-title":"Triterpene esters from Eucalyptus tereticornis","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)80542-7","article-title":"Isomartynoside, a phenylpropanoid glycoside from Galeopsis pubescens","volume":"23","author":"Calis","year":"1984","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184241","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/184241","article-title":"Antiviral activity of resveratrol against human and animal viruses","volume":"2015","author":"Abba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Virol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annunziata, G., Maisto, M., Schisano, C., Ciampaglia, R., Narciso, V., Tenore, G.C., and Novellino, E. (2018). Resveratrol as a novel anti-herpes simplex virus nutraceutical agent: An overview. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10090473"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2174\/1871528114666151022150122","article-title":"Compounds derived from epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) as a novel approach to the prevention of viral infections","volume":"14","author":"Hsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Allergy Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.05.003","article-title":"Antiviral activity of topoisomerase II catalytic inhibitors against Epstein\u2013Barr virus","volume":"107","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_176","first-page":"1363","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of emodin action: As an anti-cardiovascular disease drug","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6532","article-title":"Aloe-emodin: A review of its pharmacology, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics","volume":"34","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3109\/07388558509150782","article-title":"Anthracycline antibiotics","volume":"3","author":"Fujiwara","year":"1985","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"1934578X0900401231","article-title":"Garlic: Empiricism or science?","volume":"4","author":"Aviello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.08.006","article-title":"Anti-viral potential of garlic (Allium sativum) and it\u2019s organosulfur compounds: A systematic update of pre-clinical and clinical data","volume":"104","author":"Rouf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(94)00641-5","article-title":"Natural flavonoids and lignans are potent cytostatic agents against human leukemic HL-60 cells","volume":"55","author":"Hirano","year":"1994","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)00225-9","article-title":"Nor-lignans from the leaves of Styrax ferrugineus (Styracaceae) with antibacterial and antifungal activity","volume":"55","author":"Pauletti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10459","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b04781","article-title":"Characterization of phenolic compounds and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities from mamuyo (Styrax ramirezii Greenm.) fruit","volume":"63","author":"Timmers","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-015-9864-y","article-title":"Study of the cytotoxic activity of Styrax camporum extract and its chemical markers, egonol and homoegonol","volume":"68","author":"Damasceno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"key":"ref_185","first-page":"767","article-title":"The anti-malarial artesunate is also active against cancer","volume":"18","author":"Efferth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1039\/c2md00277a","article-title":"Antimalarial peroxides: Advances in drug discovery and design","volume":"3","author":"Slack","year":"2012","journal-title":"MedChemComm"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3242","DOI":"10.1021\/jo0498765","article-title":"Synthesis of O-aminodihydroartemisinin via TMS triflate catalyzed C\u2212 O coupling reaction","volume":"69","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2018.05.041","article-title":"Access to new highly potent antileukemia, antiviral and antimalarial agents via hybridization of natural products (homo) egonol, thymoquinone and artemisinin","volume":"26","author":"Reiter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(96)00751-0","article-title":"Megastigmane glucosides from Stachys byzantina","volume":"44","author":"Takeda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.58.438","article-title":"Structural revisions of blumenol C glucoside and byzantionoside B","volume":"58","author":"Matsunami","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.31254\/phyto.2021.10206","article-title":"Ethnopharmacology, pharmacological activities, and chemistry of the Hypericum genus","volume":"10","author":"Vincent","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phytopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fnab013","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnab013","article-title":"Cucumis melo pectin as potential candidate to control herpes simplex virus infection","volume":"368","author":"Agostinho","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/20\/6290\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:17:00Z","timestamp":1760167020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/20\/6290"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"references-count":192,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules26206290"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26206290","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]}}}