{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T03:21:43Z","timestamp":1789010503871,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fagonia indica is a rich source of pharmacologically active compounds. The variation in the metabolites of interest is one of the major issues in wild plants due to different environmental factors. The addition of chemical elicitors is one of the effective strategies to trigger the biosynthetic pathways for the release of a higher quantity of bioactive compounds. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of chemical elicitors, aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and cadmium chloride (CdCl2), on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, biomass, and the antioxidant system in callus cultures of F. indica. Among various treatments applied, AlCl3 (0.1 mM concentration) improved the highest in biomass accumulation (fresh weight (FW): 404.72 g\/L) as compared to the control (FW: 269.85 g\/L). The exposure of cultures to AlCl3 (0.01 mM) enhanced the accumulation of secondary metabolites, and the total phenolic contents (TPCs: 7.74 mg\/g DW) and total flavonoid contents (TFCs: 1.07 mg\/g DW) were higher than those of cultures exposed to CdCl2 (0.01 mM) with content levels (TPC: 5.60 and TFC: 0.97 mg\/g) as compared to the control (TPC: 4.16 and TFC: 0.42 mg\/g DW). Likewise, AlCl3 and CdCl2 also promoted the free radical scavenging activity (FRSA; 89.4% and 90%, respectively) at a concentration of 0.01 mM, as compared to the control (65.48%). For instance, the quantification of metabolites via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed an optimum production of myricetin (1.20 mg\/g), apigenin (0.83 mg\/g), isorhamnetin (0.70 mg\/g), and kaempferol (0.64 mg\/g). Cultures grown in the presence of AlCl3 triggered higher quantities of secondary metabolites than those grown in the presence of CdCl2 (0.79, 0.74, 0.57, and 0.67 mg\/g). Moreover, AlCl3 at 0.1 mM enhanced the biosynthesis of superoxide dismutase (SOD: 0.08 nM\/min\/mg-FW) and peroxidase enzymes (POD: 2.37 nM\/min\/mg-FW), while CdCl2 resulted in an SOD activity up to 0.06 nM\/min\/mg-FW and POD: 2.72 nM\/min\/mg-FW. From these results, it is clear that AlCl3 is a better elicitor in terms of a higher and uniform productivity of biomass, secondary cell products, and antioxidant enzymes compared to CdCl2 and the control. It is possible to scale the current strategy to a bioreactor for a higher productivity of metabolites of interest for various pharmaceutical industries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26216340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T21:29:46Z","timestamp":1634765386000},"page":"6340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Chemical Elicitors-Induced Variation in Cellular Biomass, Biosynthesis of Secondary Cell Products, and Antioxidant System in Callus Cultures of Fagonia indica"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Habiba","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9194-9240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tariq","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Malakand 23050, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3299-3409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nisar","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology (CB&M), University of Swat, Swat 19200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gouhar","family":"Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taimoor","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"},{"name":"Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waqar","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"},{"name":"Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sannia","family":"Batool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahid","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology (CB&M), University of Swat, Swat 19200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Drouet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9938-0151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Hano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6529-2134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bilal Haider","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2777","article-title":"Traditional herbal remedies used for the treatment of diabetes from district Attock (Pakistan)","volume":"41","author":"Ahmad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pak. 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