{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T13:15:46Z","timestamp":1780060546952,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["RSP-2021\/193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP-2021\/193"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002842","name":"Chiang Mai University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002842","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The sustainability of agroecosystems are maintained with agro-chemicals. However, after more than 80 years of intensive use, many pests and pathogens have developed resistance to the currently used chemistries. Thus, we explored the isolation and bioactivity of a chemical compound, Precocene I, isolated from the perennial grass, Desmosstachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf. Fractions produced from chloroform extractions showed suppressive activity on larvae of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the Oriental armyworm. Column chromatography analyses identified Precocene I confirmed using FTIR, HPLC and NMR techniques. The bioactivity of the plant-extracted Dp-Precocene I was compared to a commercially produced Precocene I standard. The percentage of mortality observed in insects fed on plant tissue treated with 60 ppm Db-Precocene I was 97, 87 and 81, respectively, for the second, third and fourth instar larvae. The LC50 value of third instars was 23.2 ppm. The percentages of survival, pupation, fecundity and egg hatch were altered at sub-lethal concentrations of Db-Precocene I (2, 4, 6 and 8 ppm, sprays on castor leaves). The observed effects were negatively correlated with concentration, with a decrease in effects as concentrations increased. Distinct changes in feeding activity and damage to gut tissues were observed upon histological examination of S. litura larvae after the ingestion of Db-Precocene I treatments. Comparative analyses of mortality on a non-target organism, the earthworm, Eisenia fetida, at equal concentrations of Precocene I and two chemical pesticides (cypermethrin and monocrotophos) produced mortality only with the chemical pesticide treatments. These results of Db-Precocene I as a highly active bioactive compound support further research to develop production from the grass D. bipinnata as an affordable resource for Precocene-I-based insecticides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26216384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]],"date-time":"2021-10-24T22:07:11Z","timestamp":1635113231000},"page":"6384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Efficacy of Precocene I from Desmosstachya bipinnata as an Effective Bioactive Molecules against the Spodoptera litura Fab. and Its Impact on Eisenia fetida Savigny"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Narayanan Shyam","family":"Sundar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi 627 412, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sengodan","family":"Karthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi 627 412, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haridoss","family":"Sivanesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi 627 412, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vethamonickam","family":"Stanley-Raja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi 627 412, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanagaraj Muthu-Pandian","family":"Chanthini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi 627 412, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramakrishnan","family":"Ramasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi 627 412, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7262-8428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Govindaraju","family":"Ramkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi 627 412, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athirstam","family":"Ponsankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Sri Paramakalyani College, Alwarkurichi 627 412, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kilapavoor Raman","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Sri Paramakalyani College, Alwarkurichi 627 412, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3415-3315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prabhakaran","family":"Vasantha-Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, St. Peter\u2019s Institute of Higher Education and Research, Avadi 600 054, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jawaher","family":"Alkahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona S.","family":"Alwahibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8603-3337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wayne Brian","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0839-2021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sengottayan","family":"Senthil-Nathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi 627 412, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3521-7659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krutmuang","family":"Patcharin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abdel-Megeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3066-4249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rady","family":"Shawer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aml","family":"Ghaith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Derna University, Derna 417230, Libya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ridolfi, C., Hoffman, 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