{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:28:18Z","timestamp":1760236098983,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Receptor activator of nuclear factor \u03baB (RANK) and its ligand (RANKL) play key roles in bone metabolism and the immune system. The RANK\/RANKL complex has also been shown to be critical in the formation of mammary epithelia cells. The female hormones estradiol and progesterone closely control the action of RANKL with RANK. Blood concentration of these sex hormones in the postmenopausal period leads to an increase in RANK\/RANKL signaling and are a major cause of women\u2019s osteoporosis, characterized by altered bone mineralization. Knowledge of the biochemical relationships between hormones and RANK\/RANKL signaling provides the opportunity to design novel therapeutic agents to inhibit bone loss, based on the anti-RANKL treatment and inhibition of its interaction with the RANK receptor. The new generation of both anti- and mesoprogestins that inhibit the NF-\u03baB-cyclin D1 axis and blocks the binding of RANKL to RANK can be considered as a potential source of new RANK receptor ligands with anti-RANKL function, which may provide a new perspective into osteoporosis treatment itself as well as limit the osteoporosis rise during breast cancer metastasis to the bone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26216491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T23:24:42Z","timestamp":1635377082000},"page":"6491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["New Generation of Meso and Antiprogestins (SPRMs) into the Osteoporosis Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7706-1993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Wo\u017aniczka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Biocoordination Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszy\u0144skiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7322-0712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"B\u0142aszczak-\u015awi\u0105tkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Biocoordination Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszy\u0144skiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0029(20000801)50:3<184::AID-JEMT2>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"TNF\u03b1 and the TNF receptor superfamily: Structure-function relationship(s)","volume":"50","author":"Idriss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microsc. 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