{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T19:49:23Z","timestamp":1789156163697,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Researchers Supporting Project number (TURSP-2020\/90), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia","award":["TURSP-2020\/90"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TURSP-2020\/90"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rosa gallica var. aegyptiaca is a species of flowering plant belonging to the Rosaceae family that plays an important role as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of specific types of cancer, microbial infections, and diabetes mellitus. This work presents the first report on the evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential along with the phytochemical analysis of Rosa gallica var. aegyptiaca leaves. Five leaf extracts of hexane, chloroform, methanol, hydromethanol 80%, and water were prepared. Assessment of antioxidant activity was carried out via DPPH radical scavenging assay. Antimicrobial activity against five foodborne pathogenic bacteria\u2014including Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enteritidis\u2014and the fungus Candida albicans, was examined using the disc diffusion method. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were determined using the Folin\u2013Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Isolation, identification, and quantification of phenolic compounds were performed using HPLC-DAD analysis. Amongst the five leaf extracts that were investigated, hydromethanol 80% extract possessed the highest extraction yield, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and antimicrobial activity against all tested microbial strains. Moreover, this extract furnished six active phenolic compounds: gallic acid (1), (+) catechin (2), chlorogenic acid (3), (\u2013) epicatechin (4), quercetin-3-O-\u03b1-d-(glucopyranoside) (5), and quercetin (6). This study provides an alternative utilization of R. gallica var. aegyptiaca leaves as a readily accessible source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobials in the food and pharmaceutical industries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26216498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T23:24:42Z","timestamp":1635377082000},"page":"6498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Evaluation and Chemical Investigation of Rosa gallica var. aegyptiaca Leaf Extracts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6894-5372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed S.","family":"Abdelbaky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abir M. H. A.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1726-1752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salman S.","family":"Alharthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.njas.2015.12.006","article-title":"Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of traditional medicinal plants from the Balkan Peninsula","volume":"78","author":"Bernstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"NJAS-Wagening J. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tortosa, V., Pietropaolo, V., Brandi, V., Macari, G., Pasquadibisceglie, A., and Polticelli, F. (2020). Computational Methods for the Identification of Molecular Targets of Toxic Food Additives. Butylated Hydroxytoluene as a Case Study. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25092229"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134775","article-title":"Butylated hydroxyanisole induces testicular dysfunction in mouse testis cells by dysregulating calcium homeostasis and stimulating endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"702","author":"Ham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113421","article-title":"Butylated hydroxytoluene induces dysregulation of calcium homeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum stress resulting in mouse Leydig cell death","volume":"256","author":"Ham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.12.087","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and DNA damage properties of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) food additive","volume":"153","author":"Eskandani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"926","article-title":"Antibacterial effects of plants extracts on human microbial pathogens & microbial limit tests","volume":"2","author":"Sapkota","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Pharm. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.9755\/ejfa.2016-04-351","article-title":"Food preservatives. An overview on applications and side effects","volume":"26","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emirates J. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2017.02.004","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts against bacterial strains causing food poisoning diseases","volume":"25","author":"Mostafa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2007.11.014","article-title":"The antimicrobial effect of thyme essential oil, nisin and their combination against Escherichia coli O157:H7 in minced beef during refrigerated storage","volume":"80","author":"Solomakos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"69","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) with metal ion effect against food borne pathogens","volume":"1","author":"Pandey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian J. Plant Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.08.034","article-title":"Pomegranate extract inhibits Staphylococcus aureus growth and subsequent enterotoxin production","volume":"96","author":"Braga","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.10.011","article-title":"Antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts and essential oils of Rosmarinus oficinalis, depending on location and seasonal variations","volume":"100","author":"Celiktas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-019-0184-9","article-title":"Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts against antibiotic susceptible and resistant bacterial strains causing wound infection","volume":"43","author":"Atef","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Natl. Res. Cent."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895340","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1895340","article-title":"In vitro antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against human pathogenic bacteria","volume":"2019","author":"Manandhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Brown, D. (2002). New Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, Dorling Kindersley. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2016.1277956","article-title":"Flavonoids and biological activities of various extracts from Rosa sempervirens leaves","volume":"31","author":"Bitis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"235","article-title":"Plants used in anatolian traditional medicine for the treatment of hemorrhoid","volume":"11","author":"Caliskan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rec. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.07.006","article-title":"In vivo anti-inflammatory effect of Rosa canina L. extract","volume":"137","author":"Lattanzio","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.10.016","article-title":"Strawberry-tree, blackthorn and rose fruits: Detailed characterization in nutrients and phytochemicals with antioxidant properties","volume":"120","author":"Barros","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2009.09.003","article-title":"Rose hip herbal remedy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis\u2014A randomized controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Willich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e1rmol, I., S\u00e1nchez-de-Diego, C., Jim\u00e9nez-Moreno, N., Anc\u00edn-Azpilicueta, C., and Rodr\u00edguez-Yold, M.J. (2017). Therapeutic Applications of Rose Hips from Different Rosa Species. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061137"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1021\/jf970987x","article-title":"(S)-3,7-dimethyl-5-octene-1,7-diol and related oxygenated monoterpenoids from petals of Rosa damascena Mill","volume":"46","author":"Knapp","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.200700372","article-title":"Reversed phase-HPLC for rapid determination of polyphenols in flowers of rose species","volume":"31","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(97)00526-8","article-title":"Citronellyl disaccharide glycoside as an aroma precursor from rose flowers","volume":"47","author":"Oka","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1080\/14786410903075507","article-title":"Flavonoids and antioxidant activity of Rosa agrestis leaves","volume":"24","author":"Bitis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"11","article-title":"Chemical composition, in vitro antiradical and antimicrobial activities of Bulgarian Rosa alba L. essential oil against some oral pathogens","volume":"3","author":"Mileva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1363","article-title":"Chemical compounds, in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of some plant essential oils belonging to Rosaceae family","volume":"67","author":"Mileva","year":"2014","journal-title":"C. R. Acad. Bulg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"32","article-title":"Polyphenols of Rosa, L. leaves extracts and their radical scavenging activity","volume":"62c","author":"Nowak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Z. Nat."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cendrowski, A., Kra\u015bniewska, K., Przyby\u0142, J.L., Zieli\u0144ska, A., and Kalisz, S. (2020). Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of extracts from rose fruits (Rosa rugosa). Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25061365"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.01.053","article-title":"Chemical composition of fruits in some rose (Rosa spp.) species","volume":"104","author":"Ercisli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2005.05.013","article-title":"Isolation and structure elucidation of phenolic antioxidants from Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) seeds and pericarp","volume":"43","author":"Sudjaroen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"532","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant potential of 124 Egyptian plants with emphasis on the action of Punica granatum leaf extract on rats","volume":"18","author":"Moussa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Food Res. J."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"415","article-title":"Antioxidative properties and toxicity of white rose extract","volume":"5","author":"Dehghan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iranian J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Structure-antioxidant activity relationship of methoxy, phenolic hydroxyl, and carboxylic acid groups of phenolic acids","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1177\/1082013204045882","article-title":"Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Rosa damascena flower extracts","volume":"10","author":"Ozkan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.03.033","article-title":"An industrial approach in the search of natural antioxidants from vegetable and fruit wastes","volume":"97","author":"Peschel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"246","article-title":"Phytochemical Analysis, In-Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Flower Petals of Rosa damascena","volume":"7","author":"Tatke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"5","article-title":"Antioxidants of cereal grains","volume":"1","author":"Achremowicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"\u017bywno\u015b\u0107. Nauka Technol. Jako\u015b\u0107."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"87","article-title":"Food phenolic compounds: Main classes, sources and their antioxidant power","volume":"2013","author":"Giada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oxid. Stress Chronic Degener. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1021\/jf011533+","article-title":"Antioxidative phenolic compounds isolated from almond skins (Prunus amygdalus Batsch)","volume":"50","author":"Sang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.04.103","article-title":"Identification and quantification of major phenolic compounds (Mangifera indica, cv. Ataulfo) fruit by HPLC-DAD-MS\/MS-ESI and their individual contribution to the antioxidant activity during ripening","volume":"135","author":"Yahia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"84","article-title":"Overviews of biological importance of quercetin: A bioactive flavonoid","volume":"10","author":"David","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2017.5766","article-title":"Anticancer and apoptosis-inducing effects of quercetin in vitro and in vivo","volume":"38","author":"Hashemzaei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11849","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c01818","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of quercetin: New insights and perspectives for human health","volume":"5","author":"Salehi","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8825387","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8825387","article-title":"Quercetin: Its main pharmacological activity and potential application in clinical medicine","volume":"2020","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2014.6829","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of Rosa damascena petals extracts and chemical composition by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC\/MS) analysis","volume":"8","author":"Halawani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-018-9591-z","article-title":"Comprehensive review of antimicrobial activities of plant flavonoids","volume":"18","author":"Bartoszewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kebede, T., Gadisa, E., and Tufa, A. (2021). Antimicrobial activities evaluation and phytochemical screening of some selected medicinal plants: A possible alternative in the treatment of multidrug-resistant microbes. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249253"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2020.104720","article-title":"Antimicrobial flavonoids as a potential substitute for overcoming antimicrobial resistance","volume":"146","author":"Biharee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Harbone, J.B. (1998). Phytochemical Methods, Chapman and Hall."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600550302","article-title":"Biological and phytochemical screening of plants","volume":"55","author":"Farnsworth","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Rangari, V.D. (2002). Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Carrier Publication."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0023-6438(95)80008-5","article-title":"Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity","volume":"28","author":"Cuvelier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lebensm. Wissenchaft und Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1021\/jf010964p","article-title":"Free radical scavenging properties of wheat extracts","volume":"50","author":"Yu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"315","article-title":"Teneurs en principaux flavonoides des fleurs de Crataegus monogyna Jacq et de Crataegus Laevigata (Poiret, D.C) en fonction de la vegetation pharmaceut","volume":"65","author":"Lamaison","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Helve."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method","volume":"45","author":"Bauer","year":"1966","journal-title":"Amr. J. Clin. Pathol."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/21\/6498\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:21:33Z","timestamp":1760167293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/21\/6498"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules26216498"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26216498","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]}}}