{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:38:30Z","timestamp":1787585910662,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006206","name":"\u010cesk\u00e1 Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 Univerzita v Praze","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IGA 20213109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IGA 20213109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006206","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"METROFOOD-CZ","award":["LM2018100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LM2018100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While the inhalation of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil (EO) is commonly approved for the treatment of mild respiratory infections, there is still a lack of data regarding the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of its vapours. The antibacterial activity of the three T. vulgaris EOs against respiratory pathogens, including Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes, was assessed in both liquid and vapour phases using the broth microdilution volatilisation (BMV) method. With the aim of optimising a protocol for the characterisation of EO vapours, their chemical profiles were determined using two headspace sampling techniques coupled with GC\/MS: solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and syringe headspace sampling technique (HS-GTS). All EO sample vapours exhibited antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 512 to 1024\u2009\u03bcg\/mL. According to the sampling technique used, results showed a different distribution of volatile compounds. Notably, thymol was found in lower amounts in the headspace\u2014peak percentage areas below 5.27% (HS-SPME) and 0.60% (HS-GTS)\u2014than in EOs (max. 48.65%), suggesting that its antimicrobial effect is higher in vapour. Furthermore, both headspace sampling techniques were proved to be complementary for the analysis of EO vapours, whereas HS-SPME yielded more accurate qualitative results and HS-GTS proved a better technique for quantitative analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26216553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:22:24Z","timestamp":1635805344000},"page":"6553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Antibacterial Activity of Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oil Vapours and Their GC\/MS Analysis Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Syringe Headspace Sampling Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Julien","family":"Antih","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical Agrisciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marketa","family":"Houdkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical Agrisciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5976-8135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klara","family":"Urbanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Tropical Agrisciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5677-692X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ladislav","family":"Kokoska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical Agrisciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"102","article-title":"Child pneumonia\u2014Focus on the Western Pacific Region","volume":"21","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatr. 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