{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T07:31:56Z","timestamp":1772004716070,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]],"date-time":"2021-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01DJ1801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01DJ1801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the existence-threatening risk to aquatic life and entire ecosystems, the removal of oxyanions such as sulfate and phosphate from anthropogenic wastewaters, such as municipal effluents and acid mine drainage, is inevitable. Furthermore, phosphorus is an indispensable resource for worldwide plant fertilization, which cannot be replaced by any other substance. This raises phosphate to one of the most important mineral resources worldwide. Thus, efficient recovery of phosphate is essential for ecosystems and the economy. To face the harsh acidic conditions, such as for acid mine drainage, an adsorber material with a high chemical resistivity is beneficial. Poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde) (PMF) sustains these conditions whilst its very high amount of nitrogen functionalities (up to 53.7 wt.%) act as efficient adsorption sides. To increase adsorption capacities, PMF was synthesized in the form of mesoporous particles using a hard-templating approach yielding specific surface areas up to 409 m2\/g. Different amounts of silica nanospheres were utilized as template and evaluated for the adsorption of sulfate and phosphate ions. The adsorption isotherms were validated by the Langmuir model. Due to their properties, the PMF particles possessed outperforming maximum adsorption capacities of 341 and 251 mg\/g for phosphate and sulfate, respectively. Furthermore, selective adsorption of sulfate from mixed solutions of phosphate and sulfate was found for silica\/PMF hybrid particles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26216615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:22:24Z","timestamp":1635805344000},"page":"6615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Mesoporous Poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde) Particles for Efficient and Selective Phosphate and Sulfate Removal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0533-4782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantin B. L.","family":"Borchert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Steinbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Berthold","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niklas","family":"Gerlach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2057-9406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nonrwa.2012.01.019","article-title":"Sulfate attack in sewer pipes: Derivation of a concrete corrosion model via two-scale convergence","volume":"15","author":"Fatima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nonlinear Anal. Real World Appl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2006.04.013","article-title":"Receptors for tetrahedral oxyanions","volume":"250","author":"Katayev","year":"2006","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.363","article-title":"An aquatic toxicological evaluation of sulfate: The case for considering hardness as a modifying factor in setting water quality guidelines","volume":"30","author":"Elphick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1897\/04-142.1","article-title":"Effects of hardness, chloride, and acclimation on the acute toxicity of sulfate to freshwater invertebrates","volume":"24","author":"Soucek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12995-018-0191-z","article-title":"Hydrogen sulphide exposure in waste water treatment","volume":"13","author":"Austigard","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Occup. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2013.00268","article-title":"Sulfide as a soil phytotoxin\u2014a review","volume":"4","author":"Lamers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., and Zhang, Q. (2019). Research Advances in Identifying Sulfate Contamination Sources of Water Environment by Using Stable Isotopes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Heal., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16111914"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5421","DOI":"10.1021\/es800380w","article-title":"Identification of Anthropogenic and Natural Inputs of Sulfate and Chloride into the Karstic Ground Water of Guiyang, SW China: Combined \u03b437Cl and \u03b434S Approach","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.665.436","article-title":"Research on the Mechanism of Sulfate Pollution of Groundwater in Jiaozuo Area","volume":"665","author":"Man","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2013.09.030","article-title":"Characterization and quantification of groundwater sulfate sources at a mining site in an arid climate: The Monument Valley site in Arizona, USA","volume":"504","author":"Miao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/2017WR020448","article-title":"Global Anthropogenic Phosphorus Loads to Freshwater and Associated Grey Water Footprints and Water Pollution Levels: A High-Resolution Global Study","volume":"54","author":"Mekonnen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8923","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b02204","article-title":"Reducing Phosphorus to Curb Lake Eutrophication is a Success","volume":"50","author":"Schindler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schindler, D.W., and Vallentyne, J.R. (2008). The algal Bowl: Overfertilization of the World\u2019s Freshwaters and Estuaries, University of Alberta Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781772126341"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7548","DOI":"10.1021\/es061417t","article-title":"Phosphorus Limits Phytoplankton Growth on the Louisiana Shelf During the Period of Hypoxia Formation","volume":"40","author":"Sylvan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GB002606","article-title":"Sources and delivery of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus to the coastal zone: An overview of Global Nutrient Export from Watersheds (NEWS) models and their application","volume":"19","author":"Seitzinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaum, C. (2018). Phosphate pollution: A global overview of the problem. Phosphorus: Polluter and Resource of the Future\u2014Removal and Recovery from Wastewater, IWA Publishing.","DOI":"10.2166\/9781780408361"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110445","article-title":"How sustainable agriculture can address the environmSental and human health harms of industrial agriculture","volume":"110","author":"Horrigan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4546","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18326-7","article-title":"Global phosphorus shortage will be aggravated by soil erosion","volume":"11","author":"Alewell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Summaries, M.C. (2021). Mineral Commodity Summaries."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109268","article-title":"Phosphorus recovery from municipal wastewater treatment: Critical review of challenges and opportunities for developing countries","volume":"248","author":"Chrispim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.03.068","article-title":"On wet chemical phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge ash by acidic or alkaline leaching and an optimized combination of both","volume":"46","author":"Petzet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2019.03.023","article-title":"Phosphorus recovery in an acidic environment using layer-by-layer modified membranes","volume":"582","author":"Remmen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2016.10.076","article-title":"Phosphorus recovery and recycling with ecological engineering: A review","volume":"98","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS01150A","article-title":"Phosphorus recovery and recycling\u2014closing the loop","volume":"50","author":"Jupp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31750-6","article-title":"Accelerated phosphorus recovery from aqueous solution onto decorated sewage sludge carbon","volume":"8","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0416-x","article-title":"Environmental and health co-benefits for advanced phosphorus recovery","volume":"2","author":"Tonini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2014.03.058","article-title":"Phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge char ash","volume":"65","author":"Gea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s42768-019-00007-x","article-title":"A review of phosphorus recovery from different thermal treatment products of sewage sludge","volume":"1","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Dispos. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2020.414","article-title":"Phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge\u2014phosphorus leaching behavior from aluminum-containing tertiary and anaerobically digested sludge","volume":"82","author":"Monea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohtake, H., and Tsuneda, S. (2019). Phosphorus Recovery and Recycling, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-8031-9"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2019.105109","article-title":"Separation and recovery of phosphorus from steelmaking slag via a selective leaching\u2013chemical precipitation process","volume":"189","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, N.-N., Du, C.-M., Kong, H., and Yu, Y.-H. (2021). Leaching of Phosphorus from Quenched Steelmaking Slags with Different Composition. Metals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/met11071026"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/S1006-706X(14)60077-7","article-title":"Separation and Recovery of Phosphorus from P-bearing Steelmaking Slag","volume":"21","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Iron and Steel Research International"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2013.01.040","article-title":"Phosphorus recovery from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash","volume":"33","author":"Kalmykova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00011851","article-title":"Solubility and dissolution of iron oxides","volume":"130","author":"Schwertmann","year":"1991","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-020-00964-4","article-title":"Factors modifying the structural configuration of oxyanions and organic acids adsorbed on iron (hydr)oxides in soils. A review","volume":"18","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/14686996.2016.1145530","article-title":"Facile preparation of acid-resistant magnetite particles for removal of Sb(III) from strong acidic solution","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reis, B., Gerlach, N., Steinbach, C., Carrasco, K.H., Oelmann, M., Schwarz, S., M\u00fcller, M., and Schwarz, D. (2021). A Complementary and Revised View on the N-Acylation of Chitosan with Hexanoyl Chloride. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19070385"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1139\/er-2015-0080","article-title":"Phosphate adsorption on metal oxides and metal hydroxides: A comparative review","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.05.084","article-title":"Phosphate removal from aqueous solution using iron oxides: Adsorption, desorption and regeneration characteristics","volume":"528","author":"Ajmal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siwek, H., Bartkowiak, A., and W\u0142odarczyk, M. (2019). Adsorption of Phosphates from Aqueous Solutions on Alginate\/Goethite Hydrogel Composite. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11040633"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.08.114","article-title":"Phosphate adsorption using modified iron oxide-based sorbents in lake water: Kinetics, equilibrium, and column tests","volume":"284","author":"Lalley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-017-2593-5","article-title":"Magnetic mesoporous polymelamine-formaldehyde resin as an adsorbent for endocrine disrupting chemicals","volume":"185","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8441","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TA00625C","article-title":"Hierarchical porous metallized poly-melamine-formaldehyde (PMF) as a low-cost and high-efficiency catalyst for cyclic carbonate synthesis from CO2 and epoxides","volume":"6","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3254","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ee42216j","article-title":"A mesoporous poly-melamine-formaldehyde polymer as a solid sorbent for toxic metal removal","volume":"6","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.03.064","article-title":"Synthesis of mesoporous poly(melamine-formaldehyde) particles by inverse emulsion polymerization","volume":"498","author":"Schwarz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2018.09.028","article-title":"Organic-solvent free synthesis of mesoporous and narrow-dispersed melamine resin particles for water treatment applications","volume":"155","author":"Schwarz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.12.007","article-title":"A novel fabrication of monodisperse melamine\u2013formaldehyde resin microspheres to adsorb lead (II)","volume":"288","author":"Ming","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2016.08.027","article-title":"Anionic and cationic dyes adsorption on porous poly-melamine-formaldehyde polymer","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2013.763578","article-title":"Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery: A Critical Review","volume":"44","author":"Zeng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2018.07.116","article-title":"Recycling of lithium-ion batteries: Recent advances and perspectives","volume":"399","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2020.05.008","article-title":"Recent progress on the recycling technology of Li-ion batteries","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8436","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.5b00990","article-title":"Waterborne Colloidal Polymer\/Silica Hybrid Dispersions and Their Assembly into Mesoporous Poly(melamine-formaldehyde) Xerogels","volume":"31","author":"Schwarz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.201400330","article-title":"Nanoporous Poly(Melamine Formaldehyde) Networks by Aqueous Dispersion Polycondensation-Synthesis and Adsorption Properties","volume":"300","author":"Schwarz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Socrates, G. (2004). Infrared and Raman Characteristic Group Frequencies: Tables and Charts, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/pj.2012.162","article-title":"Melamine formaldehyde: Curing studies and reaction mechanism","volume":"45","author":"Merline","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940502","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/940502","article-title":"Synthesis and Thermal Degradation Studies of Melamine Formaldehyde Resins","volume":"2014","author":"Ullah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-6031(95)02262-Z","article-title":"Thermogravimetry\/Fourier transform infrared coupling investigations to study the thermal stability of melamine formaldehyde resin","volume":"259","author":"Devallencourt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bentley, J. (1999). Organic film formers. Paint and Surface Coatings, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781855737006.19"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herlinger, H., Hoffmann, M., Husemann, E., Istel, E., Kern, W., Krimm, H., M\u00fcller, E., Rinke, H., Schmitz-Josten, R., and Schneider, P. (1963). Polyadditions-bzw. Polykondensationsprodukten von Carbonyl- und Thiocarbonylverbindungen (X). Makromolekulare Stoffe, Georg Thieme Verlag.","DOI":"10.1055\/b-0035-116268"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(69)90172-6","article-title":"Stability of colloidal silica","volume":"31","author":"Allen","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1515\/pac-2014-1117","article-title":"Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC Technical Report)","volume":"87","author":"Thommes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1351\/pac198254112201","article-title":"Reporting physisorption data for gas\/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity (Provisional)","volume":"54","author":"Sing","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2008.09.068","article-title":"Size-dependent physicochemical and optical properties of silica nanoparticles","volume":"114","author":"Rahman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosmulski, M. (2009). Surface Charging and Points of Zero Charge, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420051896"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40369","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA07374K","article-title":"Silica modification of titania nanoparticles enhances photocatalytic production of reactive oxygen species without increasing toxicity potential in vitro","volume":"8","author":"Ortelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2509(00)00421-8","article-title":"Aqueous speciation of sulfuric acid\u2013cupric sulfate solutions","volume":"55","author":"Casas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Campbell, N.A., and Reece, J.B. (2005). Biology, Recording for the Blind & Dyslexic."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1351\/pac200577040739","article-title":"Chemical speciation of environmentally significant heavy metals with inorganic ligands. Part 1: The Hg2+\u2013Cl\u2013, OH\u2013, CO32\u2013, SO42\u2013, and PO43\u2013 aqueous systems (IUPAC Technical Report)","volume":"77","author":"Powell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Helfferich, F.G. (1995). Ion Exchange, Dover Publications."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04018110-1","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001453","article-title":"Amberlite IRA-900 Ion Exchange Resin for the Sorption of Selenate and Sulfate: Equilibrium, Kinetic, and Regeneration Studies","volume":"144","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.12.009","article-title":"Study of kinetic and fixed bed operation of removal of sulfate anions from an industrial wastewater by an anion exchange resin","volume":"166","author":"Haghsheno","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Xu, S., Li, Y., and Arai, Y. (2020). Novel Application of Hybrid Anion Exchange Resin for Phosphate Desorption Kinetics in Soils: Minimizing Re-Adsorption of Desorbed Ions. Soil Syst., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/soilsystems4020036"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2013.07.009","article-title":"Phosphate removal from water using an iron oxide impregnated strong base anion exchange resin","volume":"20","author":"Nur","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7145","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2013.771286","article-title":"Removal of nitrate and phosphate anions from aqueous solutions using strong base anion exchange resin","volume":"51","author":"Sowmya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Desalination Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01269a023","article-title":"Adsorption of Gases in Multimolecular Layers","volume":"60","author":"Brunauer","year":"1938","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1021\/ja02268a002","article-title":"The constitution and fundamental properties of solids and liquids. part i. solids","volume":"38","author":"Langmuir","year":"1916","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"327","article-title":"The Equation of the Characteristic Curve of Activated Charcoal","volume":"55","author":"Dubinin","year":"1947","journal-title":"Proc. USSR Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2009.09.013","article-title":"Insights into the modeling of adsorption isotherm systems","volume":"156","author":"Foo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-018-0879-3","article-title":"Modeling adsorption mechanism of paraquat onto Ayous (Triplochiton scleroxylon) wood sawdust","volume":"9","author":"Kamga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121101","article-title":"Correction to the calculation of Polanyi potential from Dubinnin-Rudushkevich equation","volume":"384","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/21\/6615\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:24:05Z","timestamp":1760167445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/21\/6615"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules26216615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26216615","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]]}}}