{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T02:23:32Z","timestamp":1784946212903,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breonadia salicina (Vahl) Hepper and J.R.I. Wood is widely used in South Africa and some other African countries for treatment of various infectious diseases such as diarrhea, fevers, cancer, diabetes and malaria. However, little is known about the active constituents associated with the biological activities. This study is aimed at exploring the metabolomics profile and antioxidant constituents of B. salicina. The chemical profiles of the leaf, stem bark and root of B. salicina were comprehensively characterized using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy and ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS). The antioxidant activities of the crude extracts, fractions and pure compounds were determined using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging and reducing power assays. A total of 25 compounds were tentatively identified using the UPLC-QTOF-MS. Furthermore, the 1H-NMR fingerprint revealed that the different parts of plant had differences and similarities among the different crude extracts and fractions. The crude extracts and fractions of the root, stem bark and leaf showed the presence of \u03b1-glucose, \u03b2-glucose, glucose and fructose. However, catechin was not found in the stem bark crude extracts but was found in the fractions of the stem bark. Lupeol was present only in the root crude extract and fractions of the stem bark. Furthermore, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid was identified in the methanol leaf extract and its respective fractions, while the crude extracts and fractions from the root and dichloromethane leaf revealed the presence of hexadecane. Column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography were used to isolate kaempferol 3-O-(2\u2033-O-galloyl)-glucuronide, lupeol, d-galactopyranose, bodinioside Q, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, sucrose, hexadecane and palmitic acid. The crude methanol stem bark showed the highest antioxidant activity in the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 41.7263 \u00b1 7.6401 \u03bcg\/mL, whereas the root crude extract had the highest reducing power activity with an IC0.5 value of 0.1481 \u00b1 0.1441 \u03bcg\/mL. Furthermore, the 1H-NMR and UPLC-QTOF-MS profiles showed the presence of hydroxycinnamic acids, polyphenols and flavonoids. According to a literature survey, these phytochemicals have been reported to display antioxidant activities. Therefore, the identified hydroxycinnamic acid (caffeic acid), polyphenol (ellagic acid) and flavonoids (catechin and (epi) gallocatechin) significantly contribute to the antioxidant activity of the different parts of plant of B. salicina. The results obtained in this study provides information about the phytochemistry and phytochemical compositions of Breonadia salicina, confirming that the species is promising in obtaining constituents with medicinal potential primarily antioxidant potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26216707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,7]],"date-time":"2021-11-07T20:41:14Z","timestamp":1636317674000},"page":"6707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Metabolomic Profiling and Antioxidant Activities of Breonadia salicina Using 1H-NMR and UPLC-QTOF-MS Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9957-7074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorcas B.","family":"Tlhapi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7868-3540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaiah D. I.","family":"Ramaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinedu P.","family":"Anokwuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2004.12.021","article-title":"Chemotaxonomy of the Rubiaceae family based on leaf fatty acid composition","volume":"66","author":"Mongrand","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phytochemstry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1663\/0007-196X(2002)054[0040:RCABOA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Relationships, circumscription, and biogeography of Arcytophyllum (Rubiaceae) based on evidence from cpDNA","volume":"54","author":"Andersson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brittonia"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Coates Palgrave, K., Drummond, R.B., Moll, E.J., and Palgrave, M.C. 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