{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T04:24:02Z","timestamp":1789791842881,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32172331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172331"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018YFC1604100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1604100"]}]},{"name":"Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2018M631971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018M631971"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The detection of trace aroma compounds in samples with complex matrices such as Chinese liquor (Baijiu) requires a combination of several methods, which makes the analysis process very complicated. Therefore, a headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method coupled with two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC\u00d7GC-TOFMS) was developed for the quantitation of a large number of trace compounds in Baijiu. Optimization of extraction conditions via a series of experiments revealed that dilution of the alcohol content of 8 mL of Baijiu to 5%, followed by the addition of 3.0 g of NaCl and subsequent SPME extraction with DVB\/CAR\/PDMS fiber coating over 45 min at 45 \u00b0C was the most suitable. To check the matrix effects, various model Baijiu matrices were investigated in detail. The quantitative method was established through an optimized model synthetic solution, which can identify 119 aroma compounds (esters, alcohols, fatty acids, aldehydes and ketones, furans, pyrazines, sulfur compounds, phenols, terpenes, and lactones) in the Baijiu sample. The developed procedure provided high recovery (86.79\u2013117.94%), good repeatability (relative standard deviation &lt; 9.93%), high linearity (R2 &gt; 0.99), and lower detection limits than reported methods. The method was successfully applied to study the composition of volatile compounds in different types of Baijiu. This research indicated that the optimized HS-SPME\u2013GC\u00d7GC-TOFMS method was a valid and accurate procedure for the simultaneous determination of different types of trace compounds in Baijiu. This developed method will allow an improved analysis of other samples with complex matrices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26226910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T02:42:28Z","timestamp":1637116948000},"page":"6910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Optimization and Validation of a Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction with Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometric Detection for Quantification of Trace Aroma Compounds in Chinese Liquor (Baijiu)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5485-9991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Mu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"Suqian Jiangnan University Institute of Industrial Technology, Suqian 223800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Guotai Liquor Group Co., Ltd., Renhuai 564500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changwen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Guotai Liquor Group Co., Ltd., Renhuai 564500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4181-2438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"Suqian Jiangnan University Institute of Industrial Technology, Suqian 223800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.55.9.648","article-title":"Consumption of alcoholic beverages and subjective health in Spain","volume":"55","author":"Ganan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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