{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T03:30:03Z","timestamp":1787974203247,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]],"date-time":"2021-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carissa, a genus of the Apocynaceae family, consists of evergreen species, such as shrubs as well as small trees that are native to Asia, Africa, and Oceania\u2019s subtropical and tropical regions. Most of the Carissa species are traditionally used to treat various diseases, such as chest pain, headaches, gonorrhoea, rheumatism, syphilis, oedema, rabies, stomach pain, hepatitis, cardiac diseases, and asthma. The pharmacological studies on Carissa species revealed its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, cardioprotective, antipyretic, analgesic, wound healing, anticonvulsant, antiarthritic, adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities, thus validating its use in indigenous medicine systems. The review article summarised the comprehensive literature available, including morphology, indigenous uses, bioactive composition, nutraceutical, and pharmacological activities of Carissa species. A total of 155 research papers were cited in this review article. The Carissa fruits are rich in dietary fibre, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamin C, and macro- and micro-elements. A total of 121 compounds (35 polyphenols (flavonoids and phenolic acids), 30 lignans, 41 terpenoids, 7 steroids, 2 coumarins, and 6 cardiac glycosides) have been extracted from C. spinarum, C. carandas, and C. macrocarpa. Among all chemical constituents, lupeol, carissol, naringin, carisssone, scopoletin, carissaeduloside A, D, J, carandinol, sarhamnoloside, carissanol, olivil, carinol, 3\u03b2-hydroxyolean-11-en-28,13\u03b2-oilde, ursolic acid, and carissone are the key bioactive constituents responsible for pharmacological activities of genus Carissa. The gathered ethnopharmacological information in the review will help to understand the therapeutic relevance of Carissa as well as paving a way for further exploration in the discovery of novel plant-based drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26227010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T21:00:50Z","timestamp":1637528450000},"page":"7010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Nutraceutical Profile of Carissa Species: An Updated Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jyoti","family":"Dhatwalia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, HP, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amita","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, HP, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5321-9450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachna","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, HP, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3030-2459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Navneet","family":"Upadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, HP, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishita","family":"Guleria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, HP, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohan","family":"Lal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, HP, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabnam","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, HP, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8910-7706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kasahun","family":"Gudeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, HP, India"},{"name":"Department of Applied Biology, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, P.O. Box 1888, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7516-7807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikas","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3610-9580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane C.-J.","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 252 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somesh","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management, Solan 173229, HP, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9316-3236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashwani","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249405, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4064-1307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda-Lee Ezra","family":"Manicum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0183, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7725-9294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Tecnol\u00f3gico de la Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico de Galicia, 32900 San Cibrao das Vi\u00f1as, Spain"},{"name":"\u00c1rea de Tecnolog\u00eda de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9731-0045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryszard","family":"Amarowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)00343-5","article-title":"Antibacterial compounds from Carissa lanceolata R Br","volume":"55","author":"Lindsay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2010, January 01). 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