{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T03:13:46Z","timestamp":1791861226506,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UMO-2016\/23\/B\/ST4\/01036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2016\/23\/B\/ST4\/01036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early detection of any preeclampsia biomarkers may lower the risk of mortality, both for a mother and a child. Our study focuses on techniques for preeclampsia biomarker identification by comparing the results of a method using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode (LC-MS\/MS) with those by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test, as well as by comparing the obtained results with clinical data. In the proposed LC-MS\/MS method a tryptic digest peptide charge derivatization strategy was used as a tool for sensitive detection of podocin, i.e., a previously discovered preeclampsia biomarker present in urine samples from pregnant women. Urine samples from pregnant women with diagnosed preeclampsia were collected at different stages of pregnancy and from healthy subjects, and then were analyzed by ELISA test and the proposed method with LC-MS\/MS. Charge derivatization of the \u03b5 amino group of C-terminal lysine residues in tryptic digests by 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium salt was performed to increase the ionization efficiency in the LC-MS\/MS mode. Podocin was identified at the early stage of pregnancy, while its detection using an ELISA test was not possible. The protocol for urine sample preparation was optimized. Our results show that the proposed method by LC-MS\/MS in combination with peptide charge derivatization, provides an ultrasensitive tool for diagnosis of preeclampsia, and provides earlier detection than a clinical diagnosis or ELISA test. The proposed solution may revolutionize medical diagnostics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26237102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T22:01:11Z","timestamp":1638309671000},"page":"7102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Peptide Charge Derivatization as a Tool for Early Detection of Preeclampsia by Mass Spectrometry\u2014A Comparison with the ELISA Test"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7426-4146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Grocholska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4966-9771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Konieczny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7220-3518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Ka\u017amierczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center, Regional Specialized Hospital, 51-124 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krystyna","family":"D\u0105browska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center, Regional Specialized Hospital, 51-124 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Panek-Laszczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlena","family":"K\u0142ak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center, Regional Specialized Hospital, 51-124 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Witkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center, Regional Specialized Hospital, 51-124 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5884-9363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Szewczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1247-8709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Remigiusz","family":"B\u0105chor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1878-5085-4-7","article-title":"Pitfalls and limitations in translation from biomarker discovery to clinical utility in predictive and personalised medicine","volume":"4","author":"Drucker","year":"2013","journal-title":"EPMA J."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"207","article-title":"Podocyturia as an early diagnostic marker of preeclampsia: A literature review","volume":"23","author":"Konieczny","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2661-7","article-title":"Urinary podocalyxin is an early marker for podocyte injury in patients with diabetes: Establishment of a highly sensitive ELISA to detect urinary podocalyxin","volume":"55","author":"Hara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/15.9.1379","article-title":"Urinary excretion of podocytes in patients with diabetic nephropathy","volume":"15","author":"Nakamura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nephrol. 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