{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T13:22:16Z","timestamp":1778851336773,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21776256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21776256"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A comparative study of the metal emulsion-based synthesis of Sn-based materials in two different types of molten salts (namely LiCl\u2013KCl\u2013CsCl and LiNO3-NaNO3-KNO3 eutectics) is presented, and the properties of Sn, Sn-Cu and Sn-Cu-Zn microsphere phase change materials prepared in chloride salts are evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to understand the effect of element doping. Despite a high ultrasonic power (e.g., 600 W or above) being required for dispersing liquid Sn in the chloride system, well-shaped Sn microspheres with a relatively narrow size range, e.g., about 1 to 15 \u00b5m or several micrometers to around 30 \u00b5m, can be prepared by adjusting the ultrasonic power (840\u20131080 W), sonication time (5\u201310 min) and the volume ratio of salts to metal (25:1\u2013200:1). Such a method can be extended to the synthesis of Sn-based alloy microspheres, e.g., Sn-Cu and Sn-Cu-Zn microspheres. In the nitrate system, however, a very low ultrasonic power (e.g., 12 W) can be used to disperse liquid Sn, and the particles obtained are much smaller. At low ultrasonic power (e.g., 12 W), the particle size is generally less than 10 or 4 \u00b5m when the sonication time reaches 2 or 5 min, and at high ultrasonic power, it is typically in the range of hundreds of nanometers to 2 \u00b5m, regardless of the change in ultrasonic power (480\u20131080 W), irradiation time (5\u201310 min), or volume ratio of salts to metal (25:1\u20131000:1). In addition, the appearance of a SnO phase in the products prepared under different conditions hints at the occurrence of a reaction between Sn droplets and O2 in situ generated by the ultrasound-induced decomposition of nitrates, and such an interfacial reaction is believed to be responsible for these differences observed in two different molten salt systems. A DSC study of Sn, Sn-Cu, and Sn-Cu-Zn microspheres encapsulated in SiO2 reveals that Cu (0.3\u20130.9 wt.%) or Cu-Zn (0.9 wt.% Cu and 0.6% Zn) doping can raise the onset freezing temperature and thus suppress the undercooling of Sn, but a broad freezing peak observed in these doped microspheres, along with a still much higher undercooling compared to those of reported Sn-Cu or Sn-Cu-Zn solders, suggests the existence of a size effect, and that a low temperature is still needed for totally releasing latent heat. Since the chloride salts can be recycled by means of the evaporation of water and are stable at high temperature, our results indicate that the LiCl\u2013KCl\u2013CsCl salt-based metal emulsion method might also serve as an environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of other metals and their alloy microspheres.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26247449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T21:46:58Z","timestamp":1639086418000},"page":"7449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Metal Emulsion-Based Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Sn-Based Microsphere Phase Change Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Xiali","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 300014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 300014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 300014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zebin","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 300014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 300014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zongjian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 300014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.09.126","article-title":"Recent developments in phase change materials for energy storage applications: A review","volume":"129","author":"Nazir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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