{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T22:51:04Z","timestamp":1781304664051,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University","award":["None"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["None"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["432291016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["432291016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis are neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) infecting the world\u2019s poorest populations. Effectiveness of the current antileishmanial and antischistosomal therapies are significantly declining, which calls for an urgent need of new effective and safe drugs. In Ethiopia fresh leaves of Ranunculus multifidus Forsk. are traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments including leishmaniasis and eradication of intestinal worms. In the current study, anemonin isolated from the fresh leaves of R. multifidus was assessed for its in vitro antileishmanial and antischistosomal activities. Anemonin was isolated from the hydro-distilled extract of the leaves of R. multifidus. Antileishmanial activity was assessed on clinical isolates of the promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania aethiopica and L. donovani clinical isolates. Resazurin reduction assay was used to determine antipromastigote activity, while macrophages were employed for antiamastigote and cytotoxicity assays. Antischistosomal assays were performed against adult Schistosoma mansoni and newly transformed schistosomules (NTS). Anemonin displayed significant antileishmanial activity with IC50 values of 1.33 nM and 1.58 nM against promastigotes and 1.24 nM and 1.91 nM against amastigotes of L. aethiopica and L. donovani, respectively. It also showed moderate activity against adult S. mansoni and NTS (49% activity against adult S. mansoni at 10 \u00b5M and 41% activity against NTS at 1 \u00b5M). The results obtained in this investigation indicate that anemonin has the potential to be used as a template for designing novel antileishmanial and antischistosomal pharmacophores.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26247473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T02:07:18Z","timestamp":1639102038000},"page":"7473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["In Vitro Antileishmanial and Antischistosomal Activities of Anemonin Isolated from the Fresh Leaves of Ranunculus multifidus Forsk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9469-7192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Betelhem","family":"Sirak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch P.O. Box 21, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaleab","family":"Asres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asrat","family":"Hailu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1043-0480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mthandazo","family":"Dube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecile","family":"H\u00e4berli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0290-3521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Keiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Imming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut fuer Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). 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