{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:04:09Z","timestamp":1768003449240,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Solubility of phytoconstituents depends on the polarity of the extraction medium used, which might result in the different pharmacological responses of extracts. In line with this, ethnomedicinally important food plant (i.e., Caralluma tuberculata extracts) have been made in fourteen distinct solvent systems that were then analyzed phytochemically via total phenolic amount estimation, total flavonoid amount estimation, and HPLC detection and quantification of the selected polyphenols. Test extracts were then subjected to a battery of in vitro assays i.e., antioxidants (DDPH scavenging, antioxidant capacity, and reducing power estimation), antimicrobial (antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial), cytotoxic (brine shrimps, THP-1 human leukemia cell lines and normal lymphocytes), and protein kinase inhibition assays. Maximum phenolic and flavonoid contents were computed in distilled water\u2013acetone and acetone extracts (i.e., 16 \u00b1 1 \u03bcg\/mg extract and 8 \u00b1 0.4\/mg extract, respectively). HPLC-DAD quantified rutin (0.58 \u00b5g\/mg extract) and gallic acid (0.4 \u00b5g\/mg extract) in methanol\u2013ethyl acetate and methanol extracts, respectively. Water\u2013acetone extract exhibited the highest DPPH scavenging of 36 \u00b1 1%. Total reducing potential of 76.0 \u00b1 1 \u03bcg\/mg extract was shown by ethanol chloroform while maximum total antioxidant capacity was depicted by the acetone extract (92.21 \u00b1 0.70 \u03bcg\/mg extract). Maximal antifungal effect against Mucor sp., antileishmanial, brine shrimp cytotoxicity, THP-1 cell line cytotoxicity, and protein kinase inhibitory activities were shown by ethyl acetate-methanol (MIC: 50 \u00b5g\/disc), n-hexane (IC50: 120.8 \u00b1 3.7 \u00b5g\/mL), ethyl acetate (LD50: 29.94 \u00b1 1.6 \u00b5g\/mL), distilled water\u2013acetone (IC50: 118 \u00b1 3.4 \u00b5g\/mL) and methanol\u2013chloroform (ZOI: 19 \u00b1 1 mm) extracts, respectively. Our findings show the dependency of phytochemicals and bioactivities on the polarity of the extraction solvent and our preliminary screening suggests the C. tuberculata extract formulations to be tested and used in different ailments, however, detailed studies remain necessary for corroboration with our results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26247530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T01:29:33Z","timestamp":1639358973000},"page":"7530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Caralluma tuberculata N.E.Br Manifests Extraction Medium Reliant Disparity in Phytochemical and Pharmacological Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Waleed","family":"Baig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madiha","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"},{"name":"Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3413-9150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nosheen","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad K.","family":"Okla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bakht","family":"Nasir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ihsan-Ul","family":"Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jihan","family":"Al-Ghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wahidah H.","family":"Al-Qahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamada","family":"AbdElgawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2013.03.007","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from plant resources: The role of analysis in the ethnopharmacological approach","volume":"87","author":"Brusotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001","article-title":"Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review","volume":"33","author":"Atanasov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3923\/jbs.2014.1.19","article-title":"Phytonutrients and nutraceuticals in vegetables and their multi-dimensional medicinal and health benefits for humans and their companion animals: A review","volume":"14","author":"Rahal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2825","article-title":"Nutritional comparison of fresh, frozen and canned fruits and vegetables. Part 1. Vitamins C and B and phenolic compounds","volume":"87","author":"Rickman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.002154","article-title":"Health benefits of fruits and vegetables","volume":"3","author":"Slavin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.2478\/s11756-013-0322-z","article-title":"In vitro propagation of Caralluma tuberculata and evaluation of antioxidant potential","volume":"69","author":"Rehman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.19045\/bspab.2015.44008","article-title":"Ethnomedicinal and pharmacological properties of Caralluma tuberculata NE Brown-A review","volume":"4","author":"Bibi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12265","article-title":"A review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of plant genus Caralluma R. Br","volume":"66","author":"Adnan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2010.490782","article-title":"Antihyperglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of the methanolic extract of Caralluma tuberculata in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"25","author":"Harraz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.05.060","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic activity of Caralluma tuberculata in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"59","author":"Abdallah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.07.049","article-title":"Novel acylated steroidal glycosides from Caralluma tuberculata induce caspase-dependent apoptosis in cancer cells","volume":"137","author":"Waheed","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Preclinical anticancer studies on the ethyl acetate leaf extracts of Datura stramonium and Datura inoxia","volume":"20","author":"Nasir","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Complementary Med. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1894-x","article-title":"Polarity directed optimization of phytochemical and in vitro biological potential of an indigenous folklore: Quercus dilatata Lindl. ex Royle","volume":"17","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Complementary Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-015-0891-1","article-title":"Extraction optimization of medicinally important metabolites from Datura innoxia Mill.: An in vitro biological and phytochemical investigation","volume":"15","author":"Fatima","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Complementary Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1951-5","article-title":"Polarity based characterization of biologically active extracts of Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth. and RP-HPLC analysis","volume":"17","author":"Zahra","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Complementary Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.05.077","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of hot water extract from the fruit of the Doum palm, Hyphaene thebaica","volume":"98","author":"Hsu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"21","article-title":"Phytochemical, phytotoxic and antioxidant profile of Caralluma tuberculata NE Brown","volume":"2","author":"Rauf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wudpecker J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-015-0868-0","article-title":"Studies on phytochemical, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Euphorbia dracunculoides","volume":"15","author":"Majid","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Complementary Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"4","article-title":"Free radicals and antioxidants in human health: Current status and future prospects","volume":"52","author":"Devasagayam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Japi"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.08.042","article-title":"Ethnobotany of medicinal plants in district Mastung of Balochistan province-Pakistan","volume":"157","author":"Bibi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"165","article-title":"Comparison of radical-scavenging activities for selected phenolic acids","volume":"14","author":"Karamac","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, I., AbdElsalam, N.M., Fouad, H., Tariq, A., Ullah, R., and Adnan, M. (2014). Application of ethnobotanical indices on the use of traditional medicines against common diseases. Evid.-Based Complementary Altern. Med., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/635371"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(01)00342-9","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of several commercial mushrooms","volume":"77","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1999.4019","article-title":"Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: Specific application to the determination of vitamin E","volume":"269","author":"Prieto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"2051","article-title":"Biological screening of methanolic crude extracts of Caralluma tuberculata","volume":"46","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Indig. Med. Plants"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.05.068","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of aqueous extract from Choerospondias axillaris fruit","volume":"106","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0896(01)00355-8","article-title":"Histidine kinases as targets for new antimicrobial agents","volume":"10","author":"Matsushita","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000717","article-title":"Skin manifestations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections","volume":"34","author":"Spernovasilis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.21065\/19204159.3.212","article-title":"Ethnomedicinal Survy of Plants From District Sialkot, Pakistan","volume":"3","author":"Mahmood","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(13)60015-5","article-title":"Anti\u2013bacterial activity and brine shrimp lethality bioassay of methanolic extracts of fourteen different edible vegetables from Bangladesh","volume":"3","author":"Ullah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2016.067","article-title":"Marine sponges as a drug treasure","volume":"24","author":"Anjum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batista, B.G., Chaves, M.A.d., Reginatto, P., Saraiva, O.J., and Fuentefria, A.M. (2020). Human fusariosis: An emerging infection that is difficult to treat. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop., 53.","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0013-2020"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"93","article-title":"An investigation into the antifungal property of Fabaceae using bioinformatics tools","volume":"2","author":"Arabi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Med. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11379","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules171011379","article-title":"Study of the in vitro antiplasmodial, antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activities of medicinal plants from Saudi Arabia","volume":"17","author":"Mothana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"In Vitro antiplasmodial, antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activities of selected medicinal plants used in the traditional Arabian Peninsular region","volume":"12","author":"Mothana","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Complementary Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"104","article-title":"Phytotoxic, cytotoxic and insecticidal activities of Calendula arvensis L.","volume":"3","author":"Ullah","year":"2012","journal-title":"L. J. Biotechnol. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"442","article-title":"Comparative study of green fruit extract of Melia azedarach Linn. with its ripe fruit extract for antileishmanial, larvicidal, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity","volume":"2","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Phytomed. Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(92)90169-L","article-title":"Effect of Caralluma tuberculata on the cytological and biochemical changes induced by cyclophosphamide in mice","volume":"30","author":"Qureshi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.2013.805744","article-title":"Rutin: Therapeutic potential and recent advances in drug delivery","volume":"22","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.11620\/IJOB.2016.41.1.045","article-title":"Rutin induces autophagy in cancer cells","volume":"41","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2004.01.009","article-title":"Antiproliferative crude soy saponin extract modulates the expression of I\u03baB\u03b1, protein kinase C, and cyclooxygenase-2 in human colon cancer cells","volume":"210","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1021\/jf103379d","article-title":"The effects of mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors or small interfering RNAs on gallic acid-induced HeLa cell death in relation to reactive oxygen species and glutathione","volume":"59","author":"You","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd773","article-title":"Protein kinases\u2014The major drug targets of the twenty-first century?","volume":"1","author":"Cohen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s12154-009-0023-9","article-title":"Measuring and interpreting the selectivity of protein kinase inhibitors","volume":"2","author":"Smyth","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.55.407","article-title":"Identifying protein kinase inhibitors using an assay based on inhibition of aerial hyphae formation in Streptomyces","volume":"55","author":"Waters","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/24\/7530\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:46:11Z","timestamp":1760168771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/24\/7530"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules26247530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26247530","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]}}}