{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T12:57:33Z","timestamp":1793278653236,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":207,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie grant agreement No. 890681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie grant agreement No. 890681"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002808","name":"Carlsberg Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CF19-0451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF19-0451"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002808","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF13OC0004294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF13OC0004294"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF19OC0058493"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF19OC0058493"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF20SA0064214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20SA0064214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010751","name":"Fondecyt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1180642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1180642"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Covalent crosslinks within or between proteins play a key role in determining the structure and function of proteins. Some of these are formed intentionally by either enzymatic or molecular reactions and are critical to normal physiological function. Others are generated as a consequence of exposure to oxidants (radicals, excited states or two-electron species) and other endogenous or external stimuli, or as a result of the actions of a number of enzymes (e.g., oxidases and peroxidases). Increasing evidence indicates that the accumulation of unwanted crosslinks, as is seen in ageing and multiple pathologies, has adverse effects on biological function. In this article, we review the spectrum of crosslinks, both reducible and non-reducible, currently known to be formed on proteins; the mechanisms of their formation; and experimental approaches to the detection, identification and characterization of these species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T09:50:43Z","timestamp":1640080243000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Oxidative Crosslinking of Peptides and Proteins: Mechanisms of Formation, Detection, Characterization and Quantification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1465-8466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Fuentes-Lemus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6627-7518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Per","family":"H\u00e4gglund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilo","family":"L\u00f3pez-Alarc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5196-6919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(03)00057-4","article-title":"Disulfide bonds as switches for protein function","volume":"28","author":"Hogg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. 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