{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T16:42:08Z","timestamp":1769186528692,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plumeria rubra (L.) is a traditional folkloric medicinal herb used to treat cardiovascular disorders. The present investigation was methodically planned to investigate the pharmacological foundations for the therapeutic effectiveness of P. rubra in cardiovascular illnesses and its underlying mechanisms. Ex vivo vaso-relaxant effects of crude leaf extract of P. rubra were observed in rabbit aorta ring preparations. Hypotensive effects were measured using pressure and force transducers connected to the Power Lab data acquisition system. Furthermore, P. rubra displayed cardioprotective properties in rabbits when they were exposed to adrenaline-induced myocardial infarction. In comparison to the intoxicated group, the myocardial infarction model showed decreased troponin levels, CK-MB, LDH, ALT, ALP, AST, and CRP, as well as necrosis, apoptosis, oedema, and inflammatory cell enrollment. P. rubra has revealed good antioxidant properties and prolonged the noradrenaline intoxicated platelet adhesion. Its anticoagulant, vasorelaxant, and cardioprotective effects in both in vivo and ex vivo investigations are enabled by blocking L-type calcium channels, lowering adrenaline, induced oxidative stress, and tissue tear, justifying its therapeutic utility in cardiovascular disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T03:46:27Z","timestamp":1641527187000},"page":"251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Pharmacological Justification for the Medicinal Use of Plumeria rubra Linn. in Cardiovascular Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8761-8879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran Ahmad","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahwalpur 63100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Musaddique","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahwalpur 63100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9412-9897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahzada Khurram","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malik","family":"Saadullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2240-4757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali M.","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4017-8754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taha","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Afaf A.","family":"Aldahish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Asiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 66218, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling-Hui","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112065","article-title":"Cardioprotective, hypotensive and toxicological studies of Populusciliata (Wall. ex Royle)","volume":"142","author":"Saqib","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"15","article-title":"Pharmacotherapeutic modifications in cardiopulmonary patients during COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"30","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Coll. Phys. Surg. Pak."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detection of antibiotics residues in protein containing diets (meat and eggs) of human through different methods","volume":"9","author":"Ashraf","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Univ. Med. Coll."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2012.10.018","article-title":"Beneficial effects of polyphenols on cardiovascular disease","volume":"68","author":"Miguel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, I.A., Hussain, M., Munawar, S.H., Iqbal, M.O., Arshad, S., Manzoor, A., Shah, M.A., Abbas, K., Shakeel, W., and Syed, S.K. (2021). Jasminum sambac: A Potential candidate for drug development to cure cardiovascular ailments. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26185664"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saqib, F., Arif Aslam, M., Mujahid, K., Marceanu, L., Moga, M., Ahmedah, H.T., and Chicea, L. (2020). Studies to elucidate the mechanism of cardio protective and hypotensive activities of Anogeissusacuminata (Roxb. ex DC.) in rodents. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25153471"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.3109\/10837450.2015.1078354","article-title":"Effect of formulation variables on design, in vitro evaluation of valsartan SNEDDS and estimation of its antioxidant effect in adrenaline-induced acute myocardial infarction in rats","volume":"21","author":"Amin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/2008-2231-20-87","article-title":"Phytochemical screening and evaluation of cardioprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Ocimumbasilicum L. (basil) against isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats","volume":"20","author":"Fathiazad","year":"2012","journal-title":"DARU J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsoupras, A., Lordan, R., and Zabetakis, I. (2018). Inflammation, not cholesterol, is a cause of chronic disease. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050604"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00422","article-title":"Herbal medicine for cardiovascular diseases: Efficacy, mechanisms, and safety","volume":"11","author":"Shaito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Study pertaining to the hypothermic activity of Plumeria rubra, Linn. in prostaglandin 1 and typhoid vaccine-induced pyrexia models in rabbits","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"West Indian Med. J."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"317","article-title":"Dermatological evaluation of anti-Irritant and anti-Inflammatory effect of Plumerin-R isolated from the latex of Plumeria rubra Linn","volume":"37","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lat. Am. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113291","article-title":"Plumeria rubra L.\u2013A review on its ethnopharmacological, morphological, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies","volume":"264","author":"Bihani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"680","article-title":"Antipyretic activity of methanolic bark extract of Plumeria rubra Linn. in various pyrexia induced models","volume":"2","author":"Aziz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Dev. Pharm. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Khare, C.P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Indian Medicinal Plants, Rational Western Therapy. Ayurvedic and Other Traditional Usage, Botany, Springer."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.4103\/pm.pm_16_21","article-title":"Cardioprotective effect of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Jatropha mollissima on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats","volume":"17","author":"Omer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm. Mag."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"12702","article-title":"The nephroprotective effects of Daucus carota and Eclipta prostrata against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats","volume":"12","author":"Omer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"606","article-title":"Roles of rutin in cardiac remodeling","volume":"64","author":"Hawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201800955","article-title":"Isoquercitrin attenuated cardiac dysfunction via AMPK\u03b1-dependent pathways in LPS-treated mice","volume":"62","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-103415","article-title":"Kaempferol attenuates cardiac hypertrophy via regulation of ASK1\/MAPK signaling pathway and oxidative stress","volume":"83","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1538-7836.2003.00294.x","article-title":"Flavonoid inhibition of platelet procoagulant activity and phosphoinositide synthesis","volume":"1","author":"Bucki","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.5897\/AJPP2014.4045","article-title":"Pharmacological evaluation of Rumex vesicarius Linn leaf extract and fractions in rabbit gastrointestinal ailment","volume":"8","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panchal, S.K., and Brown, L. (2019). Cholesterol versus Inflammation as Cause of Chronic Diseases. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102332"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"35","article-title":"Cardioprotective effect of thymol against adrenaline-induced myocardial injury in rats","volume":"7","author":"Salma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., Hu, Z., Li, A., Zhu, Z., Yang, N., and Ying, Z. (2019). Recent advances in biotransformation of saponins. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24132365"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"37","article-title":"Network pharmacology-based prediction and verification of the targets and mechanism for Panax notoginseng saponins against coronary heart disease","volume":"65","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"231","article-title":"Cardioprotective activity of fruit of Garcinia pedunculata on isoprenaline induced myocardial infarction in rat","volume":"11","author":"Mundugaru","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.06.053","article-title":"Protective effects of vanillic acid on electrocardiogram, lipid peroxidation, antioxidants, proinflammatory markers and histopathology in isoproterenol induced cardiotoxic rats","volume":"668","author":"Prince","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.09.002","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb3 protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxia\/reoxygenation injury via activating the antioxidation signaling pathway of PERK\/Nrf2\/HMOX1","volume":"109","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2003.12.014","article-title":"Electropharmacological actions of Ginkgo biloba extract on vascular smooth and heart muscles","volume":"342","author":"Satoh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-014-1892-5","article-title":"Potential herb-drug interaction in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases during integrated traditional and western medicine treatment","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1602","article-title":"Formulation and evaluation of allicin and curcumin gel improves normal and diabetic ulcers in rabbits","volume":"37","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lat. Am. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"National Institute of Health (1985). Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, NIH Publication. No. 85\u201323."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Trease, G.E., and Evans, W.C. (2009). Trease and Evans\u2019 Pharmacognosy, Saunders\/Elsevier. [16th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"2357","article-title":"Assessment of ameliorative effect ofAab-e-Shifa polyherbal formulation in experimentally-induced wound in rabbits","volume":"19","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"618","article-title":"Hepatoprotective activity of Plumeria alba extract against paracetamol induced-hepatotoxicity in rats","volume":"4","author":"Chowdhur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"725","article-title":"Formulation and evaluation of rutin-allicin gelagainst diabetic foot ulcer","volume":"39","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lat. Am. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imtiaz, S.M., Aleem, A., Saqib, F., Ormenisan, A.N., Elena Neculau, A., and Anastasiu, C.V. (2019). The Potential involvement of an ATP-dependent potassium channel-opening mechanism in the smooth muscle relaxant properties of Tamarixdioica Roxb. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9110722"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.05.064","article-title":"The uniaxial and coaxial encapsulations of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) concentrate byelectro spinning and their in vitro bioaccessibility","volume":"265","author":"Isik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"84","article-title":"Possible presence of calcium channel blocker(s) in Rubiacordifolia: An indigenous medicinal plant","volume":"44","author":"Gilani","year":"1994","journal-title":"JPMA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1002\/rth2.12149","article-title":"Adrenaline enhances in vitro platelet activation and aggregation inblood samples from ticagrelor-treated patients","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Pract. Thromb. Haemost."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/1\/251\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:56:52Z","timestamp":1760169412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/1\/251"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27010251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27010251","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]}}}