{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T03:02:18Z","timestamp":1791342138620,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grant Agency of the Ministry of the Education, Science, Research, and Sport of the Slovak Republic","award":[".VEGA 1\/0929\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":[".VEGA 1\/0929\/16"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Science, P. J. \u0160af\u00e1rik University in Ko\u0161ice","award":["VVGS-PF-2020-1432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VVGS-PF-2020-1432"]}]},{"name":"EU Structural funds","award":["project OPENMED (ITMS2014+: 313011V455)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project OPENMED (ITMS2014+: 313011V455)"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n\/FEDER funds","award":["FIS2017-84318-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS2017-84318-R"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n\/FEDER funds","award":["PID2020-113900RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-113900RB-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>FT-Raman, FTIR, and SERS spectra of the structurally related gallnut polyphenols tannic acid, gallic acid, pyrogallol, and syringic acid are reported in this work aiming at performing a comparative assignation of the bands and finding specific marker features that can identify these compounds in complex polyphenol mixtures. Tannic and gallic acids are the principal components in oak gallnuts, and they can be found in iron gall inks. The different functional groups existing in these molecules and their spatial distribution lead to slight changes of the vibrations. The Raman spectra are dominated by bands corresponding to the ring vibrations, but the substituents in the ring strongly affect these vibrations. In contrast, the FTIR spectra of these molecules are dominated by the peripheral oxygen-containing substituents of the aromatic ring and afford complementary information. SERS spectroscopy can be used to analyze trace amounts of these compounds, but the spectra of these polyphenols show strong changes in comparison with the Raman spectra, indicating a strong interaction with the metal. The most significant modification observed in the SERS spectra of these compounds is the weakening of the benzene 8a ring vibration and the subsequent intensification of the 19a mode of the benzene ring. This mode is also more intense in the FTIR spectra, and its intensification in the SERS spectra could be related to a drastic change in the molecular polarizability associated with the interaction of the polyphenol with the metal in Ag NPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T03:46:27Z","timestamp":1641527187000},"page":"279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Vibrational Study (Raman, SERS, and IR) of Plant Gallnut Polyphenols Related to the Fabrication of Iron Gall Inks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Alba","family":"Espina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1081-4644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Sanchez-Cortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano, 121, 280 06 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9895-4491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzana","family":"Jura\u0161ekov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420050401","article-title":"The chemical composition of plant galls: Are levels of nutrients and secondary compounds controlled by the gall-former?","volume":"113","author":"Hartley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01036752","article-title":"Sources of mortality for a cynipid gall-wasp (Dryocosmus dubiosus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)): The importance of the Tannin\/Fungus interaction","volume":"68","author":"Taper","year":"1986","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00317190","article-title":"Insect herbivores as potential causes of mortality and adaptation in gallforming insects","volume":"90","author":"Schultz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"71","article-title":"The Efficient Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Oak Gall Using a Miniaturized Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion Method before their HPLC Determination","volume":"2","author":"Daneshfar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Herb. 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