{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:08:02Z","timestamp":1790762882916,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aptamers are RNA\/DNA oligonucleotide molecules that specifically bind to a targeted complementary molecule. As potential recognition elements with promising diagnostic and therapeutic applications, aptamers, such as monoclonal antibodies, could provide many treatment and diagnostic options for blood diseases. Aptamers present several superior features over antibodies, including a simple in vitro selection and production, ease of modification and conjugation, high stability, and low immunogenicity. Emerging as promising alternatives to antibodies, aptamers could overcome the present limitations of monoclonal antibody therapy to provide novel diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive treatments for blood diseases. Researchers in several biomedical areas, such as biomarker detection, diagnosis, imaging, and targeted therapy, have widely investigated aptamers, and several aptamers have been developed over the past two decades. One of these is the pegaptanib sodium injection, an aptamer-based therapeutic that functions as an anti-angiogenic medicine, and it is the first aptamer approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for therapeutic use. Several other aptamers are now in clinical trials. In this review, we highlight the current state of aptamers in the clinical trial program and introduce some promising aptamers currently in pre-clinical development for blood diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27020383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:06:15Z","timestamp":1641769575000},"page":"383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Aptamers: Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents for Blood Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4347-8421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maher M.","family":"Aljohani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Cialla-May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4257-593X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Popp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Applied Research, InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, University of Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2288-4287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raja","family":"Chinnappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1372-9883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Al-Kattan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Al Takhassusi Rd, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2187-1430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Zourob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1038\/346818a0","article-title":"In vitro selection of RNA molecules that bind specific ligands","volume":"346","author":"Ellington","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S1246-7820(01)00210-5","article-title":"Recombinant monoclonal antibody technology","volume":"9","author":"Siegel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transfus. 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