{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T17:31:00Z","timestamp":1761845460134,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sub-Saharan Africa is profoundly challenged with African Animal Trypanosomiasis and the available trypanocides are faced with drawbacks, necessitating the search for novel agents. Herein, the chemotherapeutic potential of phloroglucinol on T. congolense infection and its inhibitory effects on the partially purified T. congolense sialidase and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were investigated. Treatment with phloroglucinol for 14 days significantly (p &lt; 0.05) suppressed T. congolense proliferation, increased animal survival and ameliorated anemia induced by the parasite. Using biochemical and histopathological analyses, phloroglucinol was found to prevent renal damages and splenomegaly, besides its protection against T. congolense-associated increase in free serum sialic acids in infected animals. Moreover, the compound inhibited bloodstream T. congolense sialidase via mixed inhibition pattern with inhibition binding constant (Ki) of 0.181 \u00b5M, but a very low uncompetitive inhibitory effects against PLA2 (Ki &gt; 9000 \u00b5M) was recorded. Molecular docking studies revealed binding energies of \u22124.9 and \u22125.3 kcal\/mol between phloroglucinol with modeled sialidase and PLA2 respectively, while a 50 ns molecular dynamics simulation using GROMACS revealed the sialidase-phloroglucinol complex to be more compact and stable with higher free binding energy (\u221267.84 \u00b1 0.50 kJ\/mol) than PLA2-phloroglucinol complex (\u221277.17 \u00b1 0.52 kJ\/mol), based on MM-PBSA analysis. The sialidase-phloroglucinol complex had a single hydrogen bond interaction with Ser453 while none was observed for the PLA2-phloroglucinol complex. In conclusion, phloroglucinol showed moderate trypanostatic activity with great potential in ameliorating some of the parasite-induced pathologies and its anti-anemic effects might be linked to inhibition of sialidase rather than PLA2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27020469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T09:10:36Z","timestamp":1641978636000},"page":"469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Phloroglucinol as a Potential Candidate against Trypanosoma congolense Infection: Insights from In Vivo, In Vitro, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamic Simulation Analyses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2333-6431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasirudeen Idowu","family":"Abdulrashid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6520-8596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suleiman","family":"Aminu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rahma Muhammad","family":"Adamu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nasir","family":"Tajuddeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8883-3354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murtala Bindawa","family":"Isah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Umaru Musa Yar\u2019adua University, Katsina 820241, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0307-0974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isa Danladi","family":"Jatau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abubakar Babando","family":"Aliyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7798-3020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mthokozisi Blessing Cedric","family":"Simelane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elewechi","family":"Onyike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Auwal","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-1-3","article-title":"The history of African trypanosomiasis","volume":"1","author":"Steverding","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of small ruminant and porcine trypanosomiasis prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa (1986 to 2018)","volume":"188","author":"Ebhodaghe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7284042","article-title":"Prevalence of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax in Lira District, Uganda","volume":"2021","author":"Katabazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Res. 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