{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T17:48:10Z","timestamp":1789062490009,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":252,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Food components have long been recognized to play a fundamental role in the growth and development of the human body, conferring protective functionalities against foreign matter that can be severe public health problems. Micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals are essential to the human body, and individuals must meet their daily requirements through dietary sources. Micronutrients act as immunomodulators and protect the host immune response, thus preventing immune evasion by pathogenic organisms. Several experimental investigations have been undertaken to appraise the immunomodulatory functions of vitamins and minerals. Based on these experimental findings, this review describes the immune-boosting functionalities of micronutrients and the mechanisms of action through which these functions are mediated. Deficiencies of vitamins and minerals in plasma concentrations can lead to a reduction in the performance of the immune system functioning, representing a key contributor to unfavorable immunological states. This review provides a descriptive overview of the characteristics of the immune system and the utilization of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) in preventative strategies designed to reduce morbidity and mortality among patients suffering from immune invasions or autoimmune disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27020555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T20:45:21Z","timestamp":1642365921000},"page":"555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Exploring the Immune-Boosting Functions of Vitamins and Minerals as Nutritional Food Bioactive Compounds: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9502-0252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saikat","family":"Mitra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyamjit","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumon","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hriday","family":"Sutradhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3188-2272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talha","family":"Bin Emran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0989-4023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Firzan","family":"Nainu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3772-294X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayeen Uddin","family":"Khandaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3723-7522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Almalki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2730-7788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polrat","family":"Wilairatana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9782-0835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad S.","family":"Mubarak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pecora, F., Persico, F., Argentiero, A., Neglia, C., and Esposito, S. (2020). The role of micronutrients in support of the immune response against viral infections. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103198"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2020.101994","article-title":"The effect of micro-nutrients on malnutrition, immunity and therapeutic effect in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"125","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/1084822317713300","article-title":"The Role of Vitamins and Minerals on the Immune System","volume":"29","author":"Alpert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Home Health Care Manag. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multivitamin Supplementation Supports Immune Function and Ameliorates Conditions Triggered By Reduced Air Quality","volume":"4","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vitam. Miner."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"550","article-title":"The role of multimicronutrients on improving better pregnancy outcomes: A literature review","volume":"11","author":"Widasari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst. Rev. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gombart, A.F., Pierre, A., and Maggini, S. (2020). A review of micronutrients and the immune system\u2013working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010236"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2745","article-title":"Regulation of immune cell development through soluble inositol-1,3,4,5- tetrakisphosphate","volume":"10","author":"Sauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2007.11.013","article-title":"Role of l-carnitine in the modulation of immune response in aged rats","volume":"389","author":"Thangasamy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02448","article-title":"Choline regulates the function of bovine immune cells and alters the mRNA abundance of enzymes and receptors involved in its metabolism in vitro","volume":"9","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Pedrera, C., Villalba, J.M., Pati\u00f1o-Trives, A.M., Luque-T\u00e9var, M., Barbarroja, N., Aguirre, M.\u00c1., Escudero-Contreras, A., and P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez, C. (2021). Therapeutic potential and immunomodulatory role of coenzyme q10 and its analogues in systemic autoimmune diseases. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10040600"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530319666190529101816","article-title":"The Role of the Status of Selected Micronutrients in Shaping the Immune Function","volume":"19","author":"Elmadfa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011","article-title":"Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation","volume":"157","author":"Belkaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Luebke, R.W., and Germolec, D.R. (2010). The immune system. Environmental Impacts on Reproductive Health and Fertility, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrillo, J.L.M., Rodr\u00edguez, F.P.C., Coronado, O.G., Garc\u00eda, M.A.M., and Cordero, J.F.C. (2017). Physiology and Pathology of Innate Immune Response Against Pathogens. Physiology and Pathology of Immunology, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.70556"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12597","article-title":"Innate immunity in vertebrates: An overview","volume":"148","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Krensky, A.M., Bennett, W.M., and Vincenti, F. (2010). Goodman and Gilman\u2019s the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-018-0278-1","article-title":"An introduction to immunology and immunopathology","volume":"14","author":"Marshall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.07.016","article-title":"Innate immunity","volume":"125","author":"Turvey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2013.01.008","article-title":"Innate immunity","volume":"25","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s13592-013-0207-8","article-title":"Nitric oxide participates at the first steps of Apis mellifera cellular immune activation in response to non-self recognition","volume":"44","author":"Negri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2276","article-title":"Immune activation and inflammation in HIV-1 infection: Causes and consequences","volume":"214","author":"Appay","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Immune Regulation in Human Health and Disease","volume":"2017","author":"Bartolucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLS"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925135","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/925135","article-title":"CD4 +T cells: Differentiation and functions","volume":"2012","author":"Luckheeram","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"195","article-title":"Regulation of immune responses by extracellular vesicles","volume":"14","author":"Robbins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Publ. Gr."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"265","article-title":"Future prospects","volume":"9780203128","author":"Oliver","year":"2013","journal-title":"Precis. Agric. Sustain. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"779","article-title":"Novel adjuvants & delivery vehicles for vaccines development: A road ahead","volume":"138","author":"Mohan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.04051.x","article-title":"Calcineurin inhibitors affect B cell antibody responses indirectly by interfering with T cell help","volume":"159","author":"Heidt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570122","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.570122","article-title":"Immune-Boosting, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Food Supplements Targeting Pathogenesis of COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Mrityunjaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110625","article-title":"Immune boosting functional foods and their mechanisms: A critical evaluation of probiotics and prebiotics","volume":"130","author":"Ashaolu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e05957","article-title":"Traditional foods with their constituent\u2019s antiviral and immune system modulating properties","volume":"7","author":"Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"293","article-title":"Functional Foods that Boost the Immune System","volume":"2010","author":"London","year":"2010","journal-title":"Funct. Food Prod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390802145526","article-title":"Nutritional approaches and health-related properties of plant foods processed by high pressure and pulsed electric fields","volume":"49","author":"Plaza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2017.01.009","article-title":"Effect of processing on the bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds\u2014A review focusing on carotenoids, minerals, ascorbic acid, tocopherols and polyphenols","volume":"68","author":"Cilla","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Betancourt, A.I., and Gaitan, H.F. (2012). Micronutrient interrelationships: Synergism and antagonism. Micronutrients, Nova Science Publishers, Inc.. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2005.06.008","article-title":"Synergism, antagonism, or additivity of dietary supplements: Application of theory to case studies","volume":"117","author":"Borgert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/156482659201400115","article-title":"Natural Food Sources of Vitamin A and Provitamin A","volume":"14","author":"Booth","year":"1992","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.119024","article-title":"\u03b2-carotene is an important vitamin A source for humans","volume":"140","author":"Grune","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"413","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in South Asia: Causes, outcomes, and possible remedies","volume":"31","author":"Saeed","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"WHO (2017). WHO Vitamin A Supplementation in Infants and Children 6\u201359 Months of Age, WHO."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-S3-S1","article-title":"Impact of vitamin A supplementation on infant and childhood mortality","volume":"11","author":"Imdad","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"CD003648","article-title":"Vitamin A supplements for reducing mother-to-child HIV transmission","volume":"2017","author":"Wiysonge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.05.012","article-title":"The role of HIV infection in the etiology and epidemiology of diarrheal disease among children aged 0\u201359 months in Manhi\u00e7a District, Rural Mozambique","volume":"73","author":"Nhampossa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.117","article-title":"Retinoic acid: A key player in immunity","volume":"36","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3VMA1015-476R","article-title":"Retinoic acid-primed human dendritic cells inhibit Th9 cells and induce Th1\/Th17 cell differentiation","volume":"100","author":"Rampal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3432","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1408780111","article-title":"Critical role of all-trans retinoic acid in stabilizing human natural regulatory T cells under inflammatory conditions","volume":"111","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, S., and Awasthi, A. (2019). Vitamin A and the Immune System. Nutrition and Immunity, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16073-9_3"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300329","article-title":"IL-4 and retinoic acid synergistically induce regulatory dendritic cells expressing Aldh1a2","volume":"191","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09849","article-title":"Co-adjuvant effects of retinoic acid and IL-15 induce inflammatory immunity to dietary antigens","volume":"471","author":"Depaolo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterson, C.T., Rodionov, D.A., Peterson, S.N., and Osterman, A.L. (2020). B vitamins and their role in immune regulation and cancer. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113380"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06417.x","article-title":"Vitamin-regulated cytokines and growth factors in the CNS and elsewhere","volume":"111","author":"Scalabrino","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozic, I., Savic, D., Laketa, D., Bjelobaba, I., Milenkovic, I., Pekovic, S., Nedeljkovic, N., and Lavrnja, I. (2015). Benfotiamine attenuates inflammatory response in LPS stimulated BV-2 microglia. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118372"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.444","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of benfotiamine are mediated through the regulation of the arachidonic acid pathway in macrophages","volume":"52","author":"Shoeb","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000703500301","article-title":"The Role of Vitamins and Minerals in Energy Metabolism and Well-Being","volume":"35","author":"Huskisson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13160","article-title":"T-cell activation by transitory neo-antigens derived from distinct microbial pathways","volume":"509","author":"Corbett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4831","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-014-1708-y","article-title":"MAIT cells and pathogen defense","volume":"71","author":"Cowley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikkelsen, K., and Apostolopoulos, V. (2019). Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, and B6 and the Immune System. Nutrition and Immunity, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16073-9_7"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512005351","article-title":"Riboflavin deprivation inhibits macrophage viability and activity-a study on the RAW 264.7 cell line","volume":"110","author":"Buchala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.241836","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of nicotinic acid in human monocytes are mediated by GPR109A dependent mechanisms","volume":"32","author":"Digby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, J.T., Digby, J.E., Ruparelia, N., Jefferson, A., Handa, A., and Choudhury, R.P. (2013). Nicotinic Acid Receptor GPR109A Is Down-Regulated in Human Macrophage-Derived Foam Cells. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062934"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263786","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/263786","article-title":"Niacin inhibits vascular inflammation via downregulating nuclear transcription factor-\u03bab signaling pathway","volume":"2014","author":"Si","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2014.07.006","article-title":"Niacin attenuates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced mouse alveolar macrophages by HCA2 dependent mechanisms","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00365","article-title":"Vitamin B5 reduces bacterial growth via regulating innate immunity and adaptive immunity in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-016-0410-7","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and Anti-oxidative Effects of Dexpanthenol on Lipopolysaccharide Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice","volume":"39","author":"Jie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719116653682","article-title":"The Protective Role of Dexpanthenol on the Endometrial Implants in an Experimentally Induced Rat Endometriosis Model","volume":"24","author":"Pinar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2014.10.053","article-title":"Protective effects of dexpanthenol in an experimental model of necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"50","author":"Karadag","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197975","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2197975","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin B6 Deficiency on the Composition and Functional Potential of T Cell Populations","volume":"2017","author":"Qian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.09.055","article-title":"Dietary pyridoxine deficiency reduced growth performance and impaired intestinal immune function associated with TOR and NF-\u03baB signalling of young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)","volume":"70","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2018.1512498","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplement of vitamin B6 on growth performance and non-specific immune response of weaned rex rabbits","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24517","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.743815","article-title":"Vitamin B6 Prevents IL-1\u03b2 Protein Production by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation","volume":"291","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy, D.O. (2016). B vitamins and the brain: Mechanisms, dose and efficacy\u2014A review. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8020068"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.097543","article-title":"Biotin status affects nickel allergy via regulation of interleukin-1\u03b2 production in mice","volume":"139","author":"Kuroishi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1159\/000096972","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effect of vitamin C on intracytoplasmic cytokine production in neonatal cord blood cells","volume":"91","author":"Puzik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Todorova, T.T., Ermenlieva, N., and Tsankova, G. (2017). Vitamin B12: Could It Be a Promising Immunotherapy?. Immunotherapy: Myths, Reality, Ideas, Future, Books on Demand.","DOI":"10.5772\/65729"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4836","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5124836","article-title":"Vitamin B12 and folic acid imbalance modifies NK cytotoxicity, lymphocytes B and lymphoprolipheration in aged rats","volume":"5","author":"Partearroyo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1159\/000112967","article-title":"Effects of cyanocobalamin on immunity in patients with pernicious anemia","volume":"17","author":"Erkurt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikkelsen, K., and Apostolopoulos, V. (2019). Vitamin B12, Folic Acid, and the Immune System. Nutrition and Immunity, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16073-9_6"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"2174","article-title":"Vitamin C suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced procoagulant response of human monocyte-derived macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Parahuleva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.2010.43.1.25","article-title":"Vitamin C acts indirectly to modulate isotype switching in mouse B cells","volume":"43","author":"Woo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2019.00016","article-title":"Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial effects of vitamin C","volume":"9","author":"Mousavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"904","article-title":"Inhibition of platelet aggregation and immunomodulation of NK lymphocytes by administration of ascorbic acid","volume":"49","author":"Toliopoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-009-0011-6","article-title":"Vitamin D and immune function: Understanding common pathways","volume":"7","author":"Bikle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.5633\/amm.2012.0409s","article-title":"Vitamin D immunomodulatory effect","volume":"51","author":"Radovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Medica Median."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken394","article-title":"Vitamin D and autoimmune rheumatic diseases","volume":"48","author":"Cutolo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1678S","article-title":"Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease","volume":"80","author":"Holick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0004","article-title":"Vitamin D and human health: Lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice","volume":"29","author":"Bouillon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, J.H., Cha, H.R., Lee, D.S., Seo, K.Y., and Kweon, M.N. (2010). 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits the differentiation and migration of TH17 cells to protect against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/6da7b65e-dda2-467d-bcb3-82d5669f6bc6"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-010-0590-9","article-title":"Vitamin D and molecular actions on the immune system: Modulation of innate and autoimmunity","volume":"88","author":"Kamen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v5.i3.133","article-title":"Role of Toll-like receptors in Helicobacter pylori infection and immunity","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Pathophysiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.08.004","article-title":"Vitamin D3 Induces Autophagy in Human Monocytes\/Macrophages via Cathelicidin","volume":"6","author":"Yuk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00151","article-title":"Impact of vitamin D on immune function: Lessons learned from genome-wide analysis","volume":"5","author":"Chun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, J.T.G., Schneider, M., Cuppari, L., Grabulosa, C.C., Aoike, D.T., Redublo, B.M.Q., Batista, M.C., Cendoroglo, M., Moyses, R.M., and Dalboni, M.A. (2017). Cholecalciferol decreases inflammation and improves Vitamin D regulatory enzymes in lymphocytes in the uremic environment: A randomized controlled pilot trial. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179540"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12776","article-title":"1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced dendritic cells suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by increasing proportions of the regulatory lymphocytes and reducing T helper type 1 and type 17 cells","volume":"152","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.3.1634","article-title":"Modulatory Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on Human B Cell Differentiation","volume":"179","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2005.06.002","article-title":"Immunoregulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: Basic concepts","volume":"97","author":"Mathieu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sassi, F., Tamone, C., and D\u2019amelio, P. (2018). Vitamin D: Nutrient, hormone, and immunomodulator. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111656"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451500272X","article-title":"Vitamin E function and requirements in relation to PUFA","volume":"114","author":"Raederstorff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5080843","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5080843","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Ferroptosis","volume":"2019","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, G.Y., and Han, S.N. (2018). The role of vitamin E in immunity. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111614"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5565(00)00118-2","article-title":"Role of redox-regulated transcription factors in inflammation, aging and age-related diseases","volume":"35","author":"Lavrovsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1976","article-title":"Regulatory role of vitamin E in the immune system and inflammation","volume":"71","author":"Lewis","year":"2019","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2000.00070.x","article-title":"Vitamin E supplementation increases T helper 1 cytokine production in old mice infected with influenza virus","volume":"100","author":"Han","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402401","article-title":"The \u03b1-Tocopherol Form of Vitamin E Reverses Age-Associated Susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae Lung Infection by Modulating Pulmonary Neutrophil Recruitment","volume":"194","author":"Clark","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2012.08.005","article-title":"Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin e) stimulates cyclic amp production in human peripheral mononuclear cells and alters immune function","volume":"53","author":"Salinthone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Namazi, N., Larijani, B., and Azadbakht, L. (2019). Vitamin K and the Immune System. Nutrition and Immunity, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16073-9_4"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2014.01.068","article-title":"Effects of vitamin K 3 and K 5 on proliferation, cytokine production, and regulatory T cell-frequency in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"99","author":"Hatanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2011.585647","article-title":"Vitamin K3 suppressed inflammatory and immune responses in a redox-dependent manner","volume":"45","author":"Checker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, J.H., Mo, X.S., De Xiang, B., Yuan, W.P., Jiang, J.F., Xie, G.S., and Li, L.Q. (2013). Postoperative Use of the Chemopreventive Vitamin K2 Analog in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058082"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-337","article-title":"In vitro inhibition of mumps virus by retinoids","volume":"10","author":"Soye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.50","article-title":"Generation and transcriptional programming of intestinal dendritic cells: Essential role of retinoic acid","volume":"9","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"1","article-title":"Retinoic acid mediated clearance of Citrobacter rodentium in vitamin A deficient mice requires CD11b+ and T cells","volume":"10","author":"Snyder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2014.06.021","article-title":"Retinoic acid acts as a selective human IgA switch factor","volume":"75","author":"Seo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86554","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086554","article-title":"Respiratory tract epithelial cells express retinaldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH1A and enhance IgA production by stimulated B cells in the presence of vitamin A","volume":"9","author":"Rudraraju","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05576-11","article-title":"Reduced frequencies and heightened CD103 expression among virus-induced CD8 + T cells in the respiratory tract airways of vitamin A-deficient mice","volume":"19","author":"Rudraraju","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Vacc. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.11.015","article-title":"Vitamin A differentially regulates cytokine expression in respiratory epithelial and macrophage cell lines","volume":"91","author":"Penkert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxv064","article-title":"Vitamin A deficient mice exhibit increased viral antigens and enhanced cytokine\/chemokine production in nasal tissues following respiratory virus infection despite the presence of FoxP3+ T cells","volume":"28","author":"Penkert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20122508","article-title":"Retinoic acid controls the homeostasis of pre-cDC-derived splenic and intestinal dendritic cells","volume":"210","author":"Klebanoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01576","article-title":"Influences of Vitamin A on vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy","volume":"10","author":"Penkert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13158","article-title":"Maternal retinoids control type 3 innate lymphoid cells and set the offspring immunity","volume":"508","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500989","article-title":"Cutting Edge: Retinoic Acid Signaling in B Cells Is Essential for Oral Immunization and Microflora Composition","volume":"195","author":"Pantazi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2014.0098","article-title":"Retinoic acid modulates interferon-\u03b3 production by hepatic natural killer T cells via phosphatase 2A and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway","volume":"35","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Interf. Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.04.046","article-title":"The detoxification effect of vitamin C on zearalenone toxicity in piglets","volume":"158","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-105X.1000214","article-title":"Impact of Intravenous Ascorbic Acid Infusion on Novel Biomarkers in Patients with Severe Sepsis","volume":"4","author":"Natarajan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pulm. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5083131","article-title":"Vitamin C: A Novel Regulator of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation","volume":"5","author":"Mohammed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7042574","article-title":"Enhanced Human Neutrophil Vitamin C Status, Chemotaxis and Oxidant Generation Following Dietary Supplementation with Vitamin C-Rich SunGold Kiwifruit","volume":"7","author":"Bozonet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1159\/000443447","article-title":"Evaluation of Vitamin C supplementation on kidney function and vascular reactivity following renal ischemic injury in mice","volume":"41","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426740","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/426740","article-title":"Vitamin C Mitigates Oxidative Stress and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia and LPS-Induced Macrophages","volume":"2014","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00300.2011","article-title":"Mechanisms of attenuation of abdominal sepsis induced acute lung injury by ascorbic acid","volume":"303","author":"Fisher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2013.13.2.70","article-title":"Vitamin C Is an Essential Factor on the Anti-viral Immune Responses through the Production of Interferon-\u03b1\/\u03b2 at the Initial Stage of Influenza A Virus (H3N2) Infection","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2010.02513.x","article-title":"Targeting the vitamin D receptor inhibits the B cell-dependent allergic immune response","volume":"66","author":"Hartmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy Eur. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.08.005","article-title":"A human vitamin D receptor mutation causes rickets and impaired Th1\/Th17 responses","volume":"69","author":"Asmawidjaja","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.08.020","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor binds to the \u03b5 germline gene promoter and exhibits transrepressive activity","volume":"126","author":"Milovanovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301656","article-title":"25-Hydroxvitamin D 3 Promotes the Long-Term Effect of Specific Immunotherapy in a Murine Allergy Model","volume":"193","author":"Heine","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7043011","article-title":"Vitamin D and 1,25(OH)2D regulation of T cells","volume":"7","author":"Cantorna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2013.11.015","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D on T-helper type 9 polarized human memory cells in chronic persistent asthma","volume":"112","author":"Keating","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00665-2015","article-title":"Vitamin D represses rhinovirus replication in cystic fibrosis cells by inducing LL-37","volume":"47","author":"Muster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.04.009","article-title":"Winter to summer change in vitamin D status reduces systemic inflammation and bioenergetic activity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"12","author":"Calton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins5111932","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D3, calcipotriol and FTY720 on the expression of surface molecules and cytolytic activities of human natural killer cells and dendritic cells","volume":"5","author":"Maghazachi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.12.009","article-title":"1\u03b1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits CD40L-induced pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity in Human Monocytes","volume":"45","author":"Almerighi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091725","article-title":"Evidence that vitamin D3 promotes mast cell-dependent reduction of chronic UVB-induced skin pathology in mice","volume":"207","author":"Biggs","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15449","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1200072109","article-title":"Vitamin D accelerates resolution of inflammatory responses during tuberculosis treatment","volume":"109","author":"Coussens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4210","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302350","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Promotes Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells with Functional Migratory Properties in NOD Mice","volume":"192","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2423","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.300","article-title":"1, 25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 with tumor necrosis factor-alpha protects against rheumatoid arthritis by promoting p53 acetylation-mediated apoptosis via sirt1 in synoviocytes","volume":"7","author":"Gu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-012-0449-7","article-title":"Calcitriol [1, 25[OH]2 D3] pre- and post-treatment suppresses inflammatory response to influenza A (H1N1) infection in human lung A549 epithelial cells","volume":"52","author":"Khare","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3188","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201545541","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxy-vitamin D3 regulates NK-cell cytotoxicity, cytokine secretion, and degranulation in women with recurrent pregnancy losses","volume":"45","author":"Ota","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.11.004","article-title":"Vitamin D increases the antiviral activity of bronchial epithelial cells in vitro","volume":"137","author":"Telcian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4060","article-title":"Restoration of regulatory and effector T cell balance and B cell homeostasis in systemic lupus erythematosus patients through vitamin D supplementation","volume":"14","author":"Terrier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201242370","article-title":"The role of 1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and cytokines in the promotion of distinct Foxp3+and IL-10+ CD4+ T cells","volume":"42","author":"Urry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2010.184","article-title":"Effects of supplementation with tocotrienol-rich fraction on immune response to tetanus toxoid immunization in normal healthy volunteers","volume":"65","author":"Mahalingam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S114515","article-title":"Vitamin E administration may decrease the incidence of pneumonia in elderly males","volume":"11","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.121434","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with tocotrienols enhances immune function in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"140","author":"Ren","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190102","DOI":"10.1515\/jcim-2019-0102","article-title":"In vivo neuroprotective, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory potential in Swiss albino mice and in vitro antioxidant and clot lysis activities of fractionated Holigarna longifolia Roxb. bark extract","volume":"17","author":"Uddin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Complement. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2013.08.010","article-title":"In vivo regulation of gene transcription by alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in murine T lymphocytes","volume":"538","author":"Zingg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L482","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00132.2014","article-title":"A-tocopherol supplementation of allergic female mice inhibits development of CD11c+CD11b+ dendritic cells in utero and allergic inflammation in neonates","volume":"307","author":"Sergejs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6052","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.9.6052","article-title":"Signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, and apoptosis pathways in T cells","volume":"177","author":"Han","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.103416","article-title":"Vitamin E reverses impaired linker for activation of T cells activation in T cells from aged C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"139","author":"Marko","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"1","article-title":"Synthetic vitamin K analogs inhibit in fl ammation by targeting the NLRP3 in fl ammasome","volume":"18","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"1178","article-title":"Vitamin K 2 suppresses rotenone-induced microglial activation in vitro","volume":"37","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Publ. Gr."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2015-0056","article-title":"Evaluation of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic and hepatoprotective activities of roots of Premna esculenta (Roxb)","volume":"27","author":"Emran","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0161886","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161886","article-title":"Vitamin K2 Induces Mitochondria-Related Apoptosis in Human Bladder Cancer Cells via ROS and JNK \/ p38 MAPK Signal Pathways","volume":"11","author":"Duan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.5530\/jyp.2016.4.15","article-title":"Phytochemical screening, Antioxidant, Thrombolytic, alpha-amylase inhibition and cytotoxic activities of ethanol extract of Steudnera colocasiifolia K. Koch leaves","volume":"8","author":"Kabir","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Young Pharm."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Montissol, S., Id, A.U., Ganley, S., Grossestreuer, A.V., Berg, K., Heydrick, S., and Donnino, M.W. (2018). The Effects of Thiamine on Breast Cancer Cells. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23061464"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302702","article-title":"Thiamine Deficiency Promotes T Cell Infiltration in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: The Involvement of CCL2","volume":"193","author":"Ji","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of thiamine deficiency on inflammation, oxidative stress and cellular migration in an experimental model of sepsis Jos\u00e9","volume":"11","author":"Antenor","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbab045","article-title":"A molecular modelling approach for identifying antiviral selenium-containing heterocyclic compounds that inhibit the main protease of SARS-CoV-2: An in silico investigation","volume":"22","author":"Rakib","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.04.010","article-title":"Vitamin B2 deficiency enhances the pro-inflammatory activity of adipocyte, consequences for insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome development","volume":"178","year":"2017","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikkelsen, K., Prakash, M.D., Kuol, N., Nurgali, K., Stojanovska, L., and Apostolopoulos, V. (2019). Anti-Tumor E ff ects of Vitamin B2, B6 and B9 in Promonocytic Lymphoma Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153763"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04061","article-title":"Chemical profiles, pharmacological properties, and in silico studies provide new insights on Cycas pectinata","volume":"6","author":"Tareq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2009.08.045","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of nicotinic acid in adipocytes demonstrated by suppression of fractalkine, RANTES, and MCP-1 and upregulation of adiponectin","volume":"209","author":"Digby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.044","article-title":"Niacin inhibits vascular oxidative stress, redox-sensitive genes, and monocyte adhesion to human aortic endothelial cells","volume":"202","author":"Ganji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.07.014","article-title":"Nicotinic acid induces secretion of prostaglandin D 2 in human macrophages: An in vitro model of the niacin flush","volume":"192","author":"Meyers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07280-y","article-title":"Effect of Niacin on Inflammation and Angiogenesis in a Murine Model of Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"7","author":"Salem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2018.05.002","article-title":"Niacin modulates macrophage polarization in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"320","author":"Giri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"1","article-title":"Phytochemical, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Azadirachta indica: A therapeutic study","volume":"S12","author":"Emran","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bioanal. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0607428","article-title":"Biotin deficiency up-regulates TNF- production in murine macrophages","volume":"83","author":"Kuroishi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40816-020-00207-7","article-title":"Membrane stabilization as a mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic root extract of Choi (Piper chaba)","volume":"6","author":"Yesmin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Phytosci."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00141.2016","article-title":"Biotin deficiency enhances the inflammatory response of human dendritic cells","volume":"311","author":"Agrawal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0143738","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143738","article-title":"High dietary folate in mice alters immune response and reduces survival after malarial infection","volume":"10","author":"Meadows","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32094","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032094","article-title":"A Pivotal Role of Vitamin B9 in the Maintenance of Regulatory T Cells In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"7","author":"Kunisawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.247445","article-title":"A daily dose of 5 mg folic acid for 90 days is associated with increased serum unmetabolized folic acid and reduced natural killer cell cytotoxicity in healthy Brazilian adults","volume":"147","author":"Paniz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2012.11.012","article-title":"Folate deficiency enhances the inflammatory response of macrophages","volume":"54","author":"Kolb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101504","article-title":"Redox Biology Oral high dose vitamin B12 decreases renal superoxide and post-ischemia \/ reperfusion injury in mice","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.04.023","article-title":"A novel role for vitamin B12: Cobalamins are intracellular antioxidants in vitro","volume":"47","author":"Birch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1252","article-title":"Vitamin B12 levels in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Association with clinical features and cytokine production","volume":"19","author":"Politis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.034","article-title":"Vitamin B12 protects against superoxide-induced cell injury in human aortic endothelial cells","volume":"51","author":"Moreira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1159\/000362356","article-title":"High percentage of regulatory T cells before and after vitamin B12 treatment in patients with pernicious anemia","volume":"133","author":"Watanabe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Haematol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-daghri, N.M., Rahman, S., Sabico, S., Yakout, S., Mcternan, P.G., and Alokail, M.S. (2016). Association of Vitamin B12 with Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Biochemical Markers Related to Cardiometabolic Risk in Saudi Subjects. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8090460"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2014.47723","article-title":"The influence of vitamin B 12 supplementation on the level of white blood cells and lymphocytes phenotype in rats fed a low-protein diet","volume":"39","author":"Lewicki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cent.-Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxq017","article-title":"Zinc suppresses Th17 development via inhibition of STAT3 activation","volume":"22","author":"Kitabayashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.02.004","article-title":"Zinc supplementation plays a crucial role in T helper 9 differentiation in allogeneic immune reactions and non-activated T cells","volume":"50","author":"Maywald","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/68.2.447S","article-title":"Zinc and immune function: The biological basis of altered resistance to infection","volume":"68","author":"Shankar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600410","article-title":"Zinc induces dendritic cell tolerogenic phenotype and skews regulatory T Cell-Th17 balance","volume":"197","author":"George","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gammoh, N.Z., and Rink, L. (2019). Zinc and the Immune System. Nutrition and Immunity, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16073-9_8"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03160","article-title":"Nutritional Modulation of Immune Function: Analysis of Evidence, Mechanisms, and Clinical Relevance","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_194","first-page":"164","article-title":"Review on iron and its importance for human health","volume":"19","author":"Abbaspour","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.043","article-title":"Heme modulates smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration via NADPH oxidase: A counter-regulatory role for heme oxygenase system","volume":"224","author":"Moraes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiabrando, D., Vinchi, F., Fiorito, V., and Tolosano, E. (2011). Haptoglobin and Hemopexin in Heme Detoxification and Iron Recycling. Acute Phase Proteins\u2014Regulation and Functions of Acute Phase Proteins, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/18241"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01620","article-title":"Heme drives oxidative stress-associated cell death in human neutrophils infected with Leishmania infantum","volume":"8","author":"Luz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00115","article-title":"Heme on innate immunity and inflammation","volume":"5","author":"Dutra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-010-0479-3","article-title":"Iron and the immune system","volume":"118","author":"Ward","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., and Li, H. (2018). Design and lab-test result of APol, a polarimeter for the Atacama sub-millimeter telescope experiment. Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VII. International Society for Optics and Photonics, SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2312547"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Jung, Y.-G., and Zhang, J. (2020). Multiscale and multiphysics modeling of metal AM. Multiscale Modeling of Additively Manufactured Metals, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819600-7.00001-0"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4335","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13723","article-title":"HO-1 regulates the function of Treg: Association with the immune intolerance in vitiligo","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal2022","article-title":"Erythrocytic ferroportin reduces intracellular iron accumulation, hemolysis, and malaria risk","volume":"359","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857095749.2.193","article-title":"The role of iron in immunity and inflammation: Implications for the response to infection","volume":"2013","author":"Kuvibidila","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diet Immun. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nkengfack, G., Englert, H., and Haddadi, M. (2019). Selenium and Immunity. Nutrition and Immunity, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16073-9_9"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avery, J., and Hoffmann, P. (2018). Selenium, Selenoproteins, and Immunity. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091203"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.4145","article-title":"The role of selenium in inflammation and immunity: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_208","first-page":"181","article-title":"The Role of Selenium in Human Immunity","volume":"41","author":"Chisenga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. J. Zambia"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2018.1496098","article-title":"The Effect of Intravenous Selenium on Oxidative Stress in Critically Ill Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Mahmoodpoor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2018.1433017","article-title":"Immunomodulation by food: Impact on gut immunity and immune cell function","volume":"82","author":"Hachimura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01573","article-title":"A role for iodide and thyroglobulin in modulating the function of human immune cells","volume":"8","author":"Bilal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2013.826.843","article-title":"Immunomodulators in day to day life: A review","volume":"16","author":"Mahima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pak. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_213","first-page":"235","article-title":"The effects of excess iodine on immune system; an in-vitro study","volume":"18","author":"Hasennajad","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Kerman Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pickering, G., Mazur, A., Trousselard, M., Bienkowski, P., Yaltsewa, N., Amessou, M., Noah, L., and Pouteau, E. (2020). Magnesium status and stress: The vicious circle concept revisited. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123672"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S136742","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency and increased inflammation: Current perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Nielsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1684\/mrh.2018.0436","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency heightens lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and enhances monocyte adhesion in human umbilical vein endothelial cells","volume":"31","author":"Almousa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12118","article-title":"Magnesium Sulfate Increases Intracellular Magnesium Reducing Inflammatory Cytokine Release in Neonates","volume":"70","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.02.006","article-title":"An insight into the role of magnesium in the immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"55","author":"Hastreiter","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6338","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101765","article-title":"Magnesium Decreases Inflammatory Cytokine Production: A Novel Innate Immunomodulatory Mechanism","volume":"188","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(01)00078-5","article-title":"Dietary reference intakes: Vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc","volume":"101","author":"Trumbo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_221","first-page":"80","article-title":"Micronutrient Information Center","volume":"18","author":"Higdon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Miner. Copp."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2554","DOI":"10.1021\/jf204724w","article-title":"Dual role of selected antioxidants found in dietary supplements: Crossover between anti- and pro-oxidant activities in the presence of copper","volume":"60","author":"Yin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2000_3950","article-title":"Generation of \u00b7OH initiated by interaction of Fe2+ and Cu+ with dioxygen; comparison with the Fenton chemistry","volume":"47","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2015.11.010","article-title":"Induction of regulatory T cells in Th1-\/Th17-driven experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by zinc administration","volume":"29","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1039\/c4mt00051j","article-title":"Differential impact of zinc deficiency on phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by human monocytes","volume":"6","author":"Mayer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500524","article-title":"Zinc supplementation induces regulatory T cells by inhibition of Sirt-1 deacetylase in mixed lymphocyte cultures","volume":"60","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4180","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.6.4180","article-title":"Zinc-Dependent Suppression of TNF-\u03b1 Production Is Mediated by Protein Kinase A-Induced Inhibition of Raf-1, I\u03baB Kinase \u03b2, and NF-\u03baB","volume":"179","author":"Dubben","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001176","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001176","article-title":"Zn2+ inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture","volume":"6","author":"Sims","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6491","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.9.6491","article-title":"Zinc Signals Are Essential for Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Signal Transduction in Monocytes","volume":"181","author":"Haase","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2013.01.009","article-title":"ZIP8 Regulates Host Defense through Zinc-Mediated Inhibition of NF-\u03baB","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0196921","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196921","article-title":"Cell iron status influences macrophage polarization","volume":"13","author":"Agoro","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G117","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00246.2015","article-title":"Iron overload results in hepatic oxidative stress, immune cell activation, and hepatocellular ballooning injury, leading to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in genetically obese mice","volume":"310","author":"Handa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_233","first-page":"2729","article-title":"Iron oxide nanoparticles suppressed T helper 1 cell-mediated immunity in a murine model of delayed-type hypersensitivity","volume":"7","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2016.168","article-title":"Polarization in Tumour Tissues","volume":"11","author":"Zanganeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8570818","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8570818","article-title":"Iron reduces M1 macrophage polarization in RAW264.7 macrophages associated with inhibition of STAT1","volume":"2017","author":"Gan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.120725","article-title":"Dietary selenium modulates activation and differentiation of CD4 + T cells in mice through a mechanism involving cellular free thiols","volume":"140","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01047-12","article-title":"Selenium status alters the immune response and expulsion of adult heligmosomoides bakeri worms in mice","volume":"81","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.141176","article-title":"Selenium levels affect the IL-4-induced expression of alternative activation markers in murine macrophages","volume":"141","author":"Nelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-016-0659-6","article-title":"Selenium Plays a Protective Role in Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Endometritis in the Uterine Tissue of Rats","volume":"173","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-011-1649-1","article-title":"Methylseleninic acid inhibits HDAC activity in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell lines","volume":"68","author":"Kassam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-015-0614-y","article-title":"Selenium Deficiency Facilitates Inflammation Following S. aureus Infection by Regulating TLR2-Related Pathways in the Mouse Mammary Gland","volume":"172","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-012-9402-0","article-title":"The immunostimulatory effect of biogenic selenium nanoparticles on the 4T1 breast cancer model: An in vivo study","volume":"149","author":"Yazdi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6529","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7085297","article-title":"Dietary selenium levels affect selenoprotein expression and support the interferon-\u03b3 and IL-6 immune response pathways in mice","volume":"7","author":"Tsuji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.K10E-063","article-title":"Selenium upregulates CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in iodine-induced autoimmune thyroiditis model of NOD.H-2(h4) mice","volume":"57","author":"Xue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201400438","article-title":"Consumption of selenium-enriched broccoli increases cytokine production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated ex vivo, a preliminary human intervention study","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_246","first-page":"1","article-title":"Magnesium enhances the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by inhibiting activated macrophage-induced inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2012.739240","article-title":"Magnesium affects the cytokine secretion of CD4+ T lymphocytes in acute asthma","volume":"49","author":"Liang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.59.560","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency induces the emergence of mast cells in the liver of rats","volume":"59","author":"Takemoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4439(00)00018-1","article-title":"Inflammatory response following acute magnesium deficiency in the rat","volume":"1501","author":"Nowacki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Zhao, L., Luo, J., Tang, H., Xu, M., Wang, Y., Yang, X., Chen, H., Li, Y., and Ye, G. (2019). The toxic effects and mechanisms of Nano-Cu on the spleen of rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061469"},{"key":"ref_251","first-page":"781","article-title":"Effects of nano-copper on maize yield and inflammatory response in mice","volume":"22","author":"Hien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719117732165","article-title":"The effect of copper on endometrial receptivity and induction of apoptosis on decidualized human endometrial stromal cells","volume":"25","author":"Carrascosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/2\/555\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:39:43Z","timestamp":1760362783000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/2\/555"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]]},"references-count":252,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27020555"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27020555","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]]}}}