{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T03:33:38Z","timestamp":1780544018674,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Technological University Dublin","award":["Fiosraigh Award (PB03979)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fiosraigh Award (PB03979)"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H2020-MSCA-ITN-2014--642023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-MSCA-ITN-2014--642023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFI-CDA;15\/CDA\/3648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFI-CDA;15\/CDA\/3648"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12\/RC\/2275_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12\/RC\/2275_P2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several classes of copper complexes are known to induce oxidative DNA damage that mediates cell death. These compounds are potentially useful anticancer agents and detailed investigation can reveal the mode of DNA interaction, binding strength, and type of oxidative lesion formed. We recently reported the development of a DNA electrochemical biosensor employed to quantify the DNA cleavage activity of the well-studied [Cu(phen)2]2+ chemical nuclease. However, to validate the broader compatibility of this sensor for use with more diverse\u2014and biologically compatible\u2014copper complexes, and to probe its use from a drug discovery perspective, analysis involving new compound libraries is required. Here, we report on the DNA binding and quantitative cleavage activity of the [Cu(TPMA)(N,N)]2+ class (where TPMA = tris-2-pyridylmethylamine) using a DNA electrochemical biosensor. TPMA is a tripodal copper caging ligand, while N,N represents a bidentate planar phenanthrene ligand capable of enhancing DNA interactions through intercalation. All complexes exhibited electroactivity and interact with DNA through partial (or semi-) intercalation but predominantly through electrostatic attraction. Although TPMA provides excellent solution stability, the bulky ligand enforces a non-planar geometry on the complex, which sterically impedes full interaction. [Cu(TPMA)(phen)]2+ and [Cu(TPMA)(DPQ)]2+ cleaved 39% and 48% of the DNA strands from the biosensor surface, respectively, while complexes [Cu(TPMA)(bipy)]2+ and [Cu(TPMA)(PD)]2+ exhibit comparatively moderate nuclease efficacy (ca. 26%). Comparing the nuclease activities of [Cu(TPMA)(phen)] 2+ and [Cu(phen)2]2+ (ca. 23%) confirms the presence of TPMA significantly enhances chemical nuclease activity. Therefore, the use of this DNA electrochemical biosensor is compatible with copper(II) polypyridyl complexes and reveals TPMA complexes as a promising class of DNA damaging agent with tuneable activity due to coordinated ancillary phenanthrene ligands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T21:01:51Z","timestamp":1642626111000},"page":"645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Mapping the DNA Damaging Effects of Polypyridyl Copper Complexes with DNA Electrochemical Biosensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0867-3635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Banasiak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Electrochemistry Group, FOCAS Institute, Technological University Dublin, Camden Row, Dublin 8, D08 CKP1 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Zuin Fantoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK"},{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, D09 NR58 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8947-1401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Kellett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, D09 NR58 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Synthesis and Solid-State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, D09 NR58 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5694-9010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Colleran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Electrochemistry Group, FOCAS Institute, Technological University Dublin, Camden Row, Dublin 8, D08 CKP1 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Central Quad Grangegorman, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin 7, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201439518","article-title":"Living too long: The current focus of medical research on increasing the quantity, rather than the quality, of life is damaging our health and harming the economy","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO Latest global cancer data: Cancer burden rises to 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million cancer deaths in 2018. WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.iarc.who.int\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/pr263_E.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202110455","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202110455","article-title":"A Click Chemistry Approach to Targeted DNA Crosslinking with cis-Platinum(II)-Modified Triplex-Forming Oligonucleotides","volume":"61","author":"Hennessy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1039\/c0md00266f","article-title":"Water-soluble bis(1,10-phenanthroline) octanedioate Cu2+ and Mn2+ complexes with unprecedented nano and picomolar in vitro cytotoxicity: Promising leads for chemotherapeutic drug development","volume":"2","author":"Kellett","year":"2011","journal-title":"MedChemComm"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2017.08.043","article-title":"Copper complexes as artificial DNA metallonucleases: From Sigman\u2019s reagent to next generation anti-cancer agent?","volume":"472","author":"McGivern","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inorganica Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2014.02.003","article-title":"Metal-based anticancer chemotherapeutic agents","volume":"19","author":"Muhammad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2016.02.024","article-title":"Water-soluble and photo-stable silver(I) dicarboxylate complexes containing 1,10-phenanthroline ligands: Antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapeutic potential, DNA interactions and antioxidant activity","volume":"159","author":"Thornton","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202000838","article-title":"DNA-Targeted Metallodrugs: An Untapped Source of Artificial Gene Editing Technology","volume":"22","author":"Fantoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000154","DOI":"10.1136\/esmoopen-2016-000154","article-title":"Safety and activity of IT-139, a ruthenium-based compound, in patients with advanced solid tumours: A first-in-human, open-label, dose-escalation phase I study with expansion cohort","volume":"1","author":"Burris","year":"2016","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5364","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv467","article-title":"Intercalation processes of copper complexes in DNA","volume":"43","author":"Cheatham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-014-0179-1","article-title":"Phase I\/II study with ruthenium compound NAMI-A and gemcitabine in patients with non-small cell lung cancer after first line therapy","volume":"33","author":"Leijen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. New Drugs"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2174\/187152009787313837","article-title":"Copper Complexes as Anticancer Agents","volume":"9","author":"Marzano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10289","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab817","article-title":"Click and Cut: A click chemistry approach to developing oxidative DNA damaging agents","volume":"49","author":"McStay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mechanism of DNA Binding and Cleavage","volume":"2","author":"Mathew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed.Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5987","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00567a007","article-title":"Degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid by a 1,10-phenanthroline-copper complex: The role of hydroxyl radicals","volume":"19","author":"Que","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3582","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00402a060","article-title":"Cleavage of DNA by the 1,10-phenanthroline-copper ion complex. Superoxide mediates the reaction dependent on NADH and hydrogen peroxide","volume":"103","author":"Reich","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201804084","article-title":"Polypyridyl-Based Copper Phenanthrene Complexes: A New Type of Stabilized Artificial Chemical Nuclease","volume":"25","author":"Fantoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem.\u2013A Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(02)00082-9","article-title":"Detection of the damage caused to DNA by niclosamide using an electrochemical DNA-biosensor","volume":"17","author":"Abreu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1039\/9781788016452-00091","article-title":"CHAPTER 4. Recent Advances in Anticancer Copper Compounds","volume":"14","author":"Kellett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Met. Based Anticancer Agents"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15952","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.8b02526","article-title":"[Cu(TPMA)(Phen)](ClO4)2: Metallodrug Nanocontainer Delivery and Membrane Lipidomics of a Neuroblastoma Cell Line Coupled with a Liposome Biomimetic Model Focusing on Fatty Acid Reactivity","volume":"3","author":"Toniolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)86305-6","article-title":"Oxygen-dependent cleavage of DNA by the 1,10-phenanthroline. cuprous complex. Inhibition of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I","volume":"254","author":"Sigman","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1021\/cr400135x","article-title":"Advances in Copper Complexes as Anticancer Agents","volume":"114","author":"Santini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202000408","article-title":"Development of Gene-Targeted Polypyridyl Triplex-Forming Oligonucleotide Hybrids","volume":"21","author":"Fantoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202001996","article-title":"Polypyridyl-Based Copper Phenanthrene Complexes: Combining Stability with Enhanced DNA Recognition","volume":"27","author":"Fantoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem.-A Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16782","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202002860","article-title":"A Click Chemistry Approach to Developing Molecularly Targeted DNA Scissors","volume":"26","author":"Lauria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem.\u2013A Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.201900670","article-title":"Oxidative DNA Cleavage with Clip-Phenanthroline Triplex-Forming Oligonucleotide Hybrids","volume":"21","author":"Panattoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7122","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00928","article-title":"A Hitchhiker\u2019s Guide to Click-Chemistry with Nucleic Acids","volume":"121","author":"Fantoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12908","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CC04615G","article-title":"Protein engineering with artificial chemical nucleases","volume":"51","author":"Larragy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4109(199910)11:14<::AID-ELAN1005>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Cleavage of Supercoiled DNA by Deoxyribonuclease I in Solution and at the Electrode Surface","volume":"11","author":"Fojta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2011.01.008","article-title":"Synthesis, structural characterization and DNA interaction studies on a mononuclear copper complex: Nuclease activity via self-activation","volume":"14","author":"Ghosh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2005.02.020","article-title":"Copper(II) complexes of 1,10-phenanthroline-derived ligands: Studies on DNA binding properties and nuclease activity","volume":"99","author":"Hirohama","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5392","DOI":"10.1021\/ic500914j","article-title":"Copper Phenanthrene Oxidative Chemical Nucleases","volume":"53","author":"Molphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS00157J","article-title":"Molecular methods for assessment of non-covalent metallodrug\u2013DNA interactions","volume":"48","author":"Kellett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(00)00070-1","article-title":"Electrode potential-modulated cleavage of surface-confined DNA by hydroxyl radicals detected by an electrochemical biosensor","volume":"15","author":"Fojta","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4109(199902)11:2<101::AID-ELAN101>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Voltammetric Detection of the DNA Interaction with Copper Complex Compounds and Damage to DNA","volume":"11","author":"Labuda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(98)00017-7","article-title":"Electrochemical biosensors for DNA hybridization and DNA damage","volume":"13","author":"Fojta","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.05.058","article-title":"A novel quantitative electrochemical method to monitor DNA double-strand breaks caused by a DNA cleavage agent at a DNA sensor","volume":"117","author":"Banasiak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.03.019","article-title":"Anticancer activity of a series of copper(II) complexes with tripodal ligands","volume":"132","author":"Jopp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molphy, Z., Slator, C., Chatgilialoglu, C., and Kellett, A. (2015). DNA oxidation profiles of copper phenanthrene chemical nucleases. Front. Chem., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2015.00028"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s00775-002-0369-8","article-title":"Oxidative strand scission of nucleic acids by a multinuclear copper(II) complex","volume":"7","author":"Humphreys","year":"2002","journal-title":"JBIC J. Biol. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6009","DOI":"10.1021\/ja020039z","article-title":"Efficient and Specific Strand Scission of DNA by a Dinuclear Copper Complex: Comparative Reactivity of Complexes with Linked Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine Moieties","volume":"124","author":"Humphreys","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2009.05.013","article-title":"A [4+2] mixed ligand approach to ruthenium DNA metallointercalators [Ru(tpa)(N\u2013N)](PF6)2 using a tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (tpa) capping ligand","volume":"103","author":"Kraft","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poly.2009.02.003","article-title":"Hydrolytic cleavage of DNA promoted by cobalt(III)\u2013tetraamine complexes: Synthesis and characterization of carbonatobis[2-(2-pyridylethyl)]-(2-pyridylmethyl)aminecobalt(III) perchlorate","volume":"28","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8599","DOI":"10.1021\/jm401465m","article-title":"Regulating Bioactivity of Cu2+ Bis-1,10-phenanthroline Artificial Metallonucleases with Sterically Functionalized Pendant Carboxylates","volume":"56","author":"Prisecaru","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3779","DOI":"10.1021\/am406066a","article-title":"Electrochemically Modulated Nitric Oxide (NO) Releasing Biomedical Devices via Copper(II)-Tri(2-pyridylmethyl)amine Mediated Reduction of Nitrite","volume":"6","author":"Ren","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4263","DOI":"10.1021\/ic00219a012","article-title":"Spectral, electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties of 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione complexes of transition metals","volume":"24","author":"Goss","year":"1985","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0728(82)87028-9","article-title":"Effect of metal ions on the electrochemical reduction of some heterocyclic quinones","volume":"136","author":"Evans","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"3147","article-title":"Synthesis and pH-sensitive redox properties of 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione complexes","volume":"61","author":"Kou","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Co-ord. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8142","DOI":"10.1021\/es0506962","article-title":"Fluorescence spectroscopy reveals ubiquitous presence of oxidized and reduced quinones in dissolved organic matter","volume":"39","author":"Cory","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-97072013000400014","article-title":"Electrochemical and spectroscopic properties of indolizino[1,2-B] quinole derivates","volume":"58","author":"Alcalde","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chil. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1021\/ic961066r","article-title":"Spectroscopic and Voltammetric Studies on Copper Complexes of 2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthrolines Bound to Calf Thymus DNA","volume":"37","author":"Mahadevan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12523","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5b03355","article-title":"Pyridine and Pyridinium Electrochemistry on Polycrystalline Gold Electrodes and Implications for CO2 Reduction","volume":"119","author":"Lucio","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haynes, W.M., Lide, D.R., and Bruno, T.J. (2014). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press. [95th ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/b17118"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Bard, A.J., and Faulkner, L.R. (2000). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, John Wiley & Sons. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8901","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00206a020","article-title":"Voltammetric studies of the interaction of metal chelates with DNA. 2. Tris-chelated complexes of cobalt(III) and iron(II) with 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2\u2032-bipyridine","volume":"111","author":"Carter","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22754","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160922754","article-title":"Interaction of DNA with Simple and Mixed Ligand Copper(II) Complexes of 1,10-Phenanthrolines as Studied by DNA-Fiber EPR Spectroscopy","volume":"16","author":"Chikira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1039\/C4DT02733G","article-title":"Binding of copper(II) polypyridyl complexes to DNA and consequences for DNA-based asymmetric catalysis","volume":"44","author":"Draksharapu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.1021\/ac980211a","article-title":"Micromethod for the Investigation of the Interactions between DNA and Redox-Active Molecules","volume":"70","author":"Pang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.6b00256","article-title":"Formation and Biological Targets of Quinones: Cytotoxic versus Cytoprotective Effects","volume":"30","author":"Bolton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4570","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14114570","article-title":"The Trypanocidal Activity of Naphthoquinones: A Review","volume":"14","author":"Pinto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4670","DOI":"10.1021\/ac980037q","article-title":"Electrochemical Quantitation of DNA Immobilized on Gold","volume":"70","author":"Steel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-0134(01)00418-4","article-title":"Oxidative cleavage of DNA by a dipyridoquinoxaline copper(II) complex in the presence of ascorbic acid","volume":"89","author":"Santra","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00505a003","article-title":"Cleavage of deoxyribonucleic acid by the 1,10-phenanthroline-cuprous complex. Hydrogen peroxide requirement and primary and secondary structure specificity","volume":"20","author":"Marshall","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Ausubel, F.M., Brent, R., Kingston, R.E., Moore, D.D., Smith, J.A., Seidman, J.G., and Struhl, K. (1989). Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(00)00071-3","article-title":"Electrochemical genosensor design: Immobilisation of oligonucleotides onto transducer surfaces and detection methods","volume":"15","author":"Pividori","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/3\/645\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:04:13Z","timestamp":1760133853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/3\/645"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27030645"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27030645","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]]}}}