{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T04:09:46Z","timestamp":1790482186556,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]],"date-time":"2022-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1ZIAHL006087-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1ZIAHL006087-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carboxylic acid is a commonly utilized functional group for covalent surface conjugation of carbon nanoparticles that is typically generated by acid oxidation. However, acid oxidation generates additional oxygen containing groups, including epoxides, ketones, aldehydes, lactones, and alcohols. We present a method to specifically enrich the carboxylic acid content on fluorescent nanodiamond (FND) surfaces. Lithium aluminum hydride is used to reduce oxygen containing surface groups to alcohols. The alcohols are then converted to carboxylic acids through a rhodium (II) acetate catalyzed carbene insertion reaction with tert\u2013butyl diazoacetate and subsequent ester cleavage with trifluoroacetic acid. This carboxylic acid enrichment process significantly enhanced nanodiamond homogeneity and improved the efficiency of functionalizing the FND surface. Biotin functionalized fluorescent nanodiamonds were demonstrated to be robust and stable single-molecule fluorescence and optical trapping probes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]],"date-time":"2022-01-23T20:34:40Z","timestamp":1642970080000},"page":"736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["General Method to Increase Carboxylic Acid Content on Nanodiamonds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Ganesh","family":"Shenoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Single Molecule Biophysics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, Room 2134, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Ettedgui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building B, Room 3040, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandrasekhar","family":"Mushti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building B, Room 3040, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Single Molecule Biophysics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, Room 2134, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building B, Room 3040, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burchelle","family":"Blackman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building B, Room 3040, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hak-Sung","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Single Molecule Biophysics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, Room 2134, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuharu","family":"Takagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Single Molecule Biophysics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, Room 2134, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeonee","family":"Seol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Single Molecule Biophysics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, Room 2134, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Brechbiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room B3B69, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf E.","family":"Swenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building B, Room 3040, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0863-5671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keir C.","family":"Neuman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Single Molecule Biophysics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, Room 2134, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1134\/1.1711431","article-title":"On the history of the discovery of nanodiamond synthesis","volume":"46","author":"Danilenko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. 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