{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T05:45:38Z","timestamp":1792647938763,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/1\/2018\/SKK10\/IMU\/03\/3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2018\/SKK10\/IMU\/03\/3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009381","name":"International Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PHMS1\/2019(01)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHMS1\/2019(01)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009381","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zingiber officinale var. rubrum (red ginger) is widely used in traditional medicine in Asia. Unlike other gingers, it is not used as a spice in cuisines. To date, a total of 169 chemical constituents have been reported from red ginger. The constituents include vanilloids, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, flavonoids, amino acids, etc. Red ginger has many therapeutic roles in various diseases, including inflammatory diseases, vomiting, rubella, atherosclerosis, tuberculosis, growth disorders, and cancer. Scientific evidence suggests that red ginger exhibits immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, antihyperuricemic, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities. These biological activities are the underlying causes of red ginger\u2019s therapeutic benefits. In addition, there have been few reports on adverse side effects of red ginger. This review aims to provide insights in terms the bioactive constituents and their biosynthesis, biological activities, molecular mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of red ginger.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T20:40:18Z","timestamp":1643143218000},"page":"775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Zingiber officinale var. rubrum: Red Ginger\u2019s Medicinal Uses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1049-924X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuefang","family":"Kou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Centre, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6939-5280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kit-Kay","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"},{"name":"Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Bioactive Molecules and Drug Delivery, Institute for Research, Development & Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhu Katyayani","family":"Balijepalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, MAHSA University, Jenjarom 42610, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mallikarjuna Rao","family":"Pichika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Bioactive Molecules and Drug Delivery, Institute for Research, Development & Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"A Review: Is Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. 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