{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T03:18:55Z","timestamp":1792293535300,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viral infections and outbreaks have become a major concern and are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The development of successful antiviral therapeutics and vaccines remains a daunting challenge. The discovery of novel antiviral agents is a public health emergency, and extraordinary efforts are underway globally to identify safe and effective treatments for different viral diseases. Alkaloids are natural phytochemicals known for their biological activities, many of which have been intensively studied for their broad-spectrum of antiviral activities against different DNA and RNA viruses. The purpose of this review was to summarize the evidence supporting the efficacy of the antiviral activity of plant alkaloids at half-maximum effective concentration (EC50) or half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) below 10 \u03bcM and describe the molecular sites most often targeted by natural alkaloids acting against different virus families. This review highlights that considering the devastating effects of virus pandemics on humans, plants, and animals, the development of high efficiency and low-toxicity antiviral drugs targeting these viruses need to be developed. Furthermore, it summarizes the current research status of alkaloids as the source of antiviral drug development, their structural characteristics, and antiviral targets. Overall, the influence of alkaloids at the molecular level suggests a high degree of specificity which means they could serve as potent and safe antiviral agents waiting for evaluation and exploitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T05:26:17Z","timestamp":1643433977000},"page":"903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Potential Antiviral Action of Alkaloids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Frage L.","family":"Abookleesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2673-6094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bader S.","family":"Al-Anzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment Technologies and Management, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Kuwait City 13060, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1801-0162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aman","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2020, April 25). Global HIV & AIDS Statistics\u20142020 Fact Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/fact-sheet#:~:text=In 2019%2C around 690 000,1.6 million%5D people in 2010."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.1999.0624","article-title":"Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases","volume":"40","author":"Desselberger","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6174","DOI":"10.26452\/ijrps.v11i4.3291","article-title":"Plant-derived alkaloids as anti-viral agents","volume":"11","author":"Krishnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NP00085D","article-title":"Antiviral drug discovery: Broad-spectrum drugs from nature","volume":"32","author":"Martinez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/10408410701647560","article-title":"Ecological Origins of Novel Human Pathogens","volume":"33","author":"Woolhouse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Worldometers (2021, August 27). COVID-19 Coronavirus Outbreak. Worldometers., Available online: https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/#countries."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Baron, S. (1996). Chemotherapy of Viral Infections. Medical Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1021\/np200906s","article-title":"Natural Products As Sources of New Drugs over the 30 Years from 1981 to 2010","volume":"75","author":"Newman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ain, Q.-U., Khan, H., Mubarak, M.S., and Pervaiz, A. (2016). Plant Alkaloids as Antiplatelet Agent: Drugs of the Future in the Light of Recent Developments. Front. Pharmacol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00292"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921430","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/485042","article-title":"Alkaloids Isolated from Natural Herbs as the Anticancer Agents","volume":"2012","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-1277","article-title":"Chimmitecan, a Novel 9-Substituted Camptothecin, with Improved Anticancer Pharmacologic Profiles In vitro and In vivo","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.6.5.4006","article-title":"BM6, a new semi-synthetic vinca alkaloid, exhibits its potent in vivo anti-tumor activities via its high binding affinity for tubulin and improved pharmacokinetic profiles","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alasvand, M., Assadollahi, V., Ambra, R., Hedayatinezhad, E., Kooti, W., and Peluso, I. (2019). Antiangiogenic Effect of Alkaloids. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9475908"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63462-7.00009-9","article-title":"Alkaloids: A source of anticancer agents from nature","volume":"Volume 46","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Studies in Natural Products Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, J., Zheng, T.-T., Li, X., Liang, Y., Wang, L.-J., Huang, Y.-C., and Xiao, H.-T. (2019). Plant-Derived Alkaloids: The Promising Disease-Modifying Agents for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front. Pharmacol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00351"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.06.037","article-title":"Schisandra chinensis produces the antidepressant-like effects in repeated corticosterone-induced mice via the BDNF\/TrkB\/CREB signaling pathway","volume":"243","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burrell, C.J., Howard, C.R., and Murphy, F.A. (2017). Antiviral Chemotherapy. Fenner and White\u2019s Medical Virology, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-375156-0.00012-6"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"172","article-title":"Role of Natural Products in Drug Discovery Process","volume":"6","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.02.007","article-title":"Natural Products as a Robust Source of New Drugs and Drug Leads: Past Successes and Present Day Issues","volume":"101","author":"Rishton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(91)90024-L","article-title":"In vitro virucidal activity of selected anthraquinones and anthraquinone derivatives","volume":"16","author":"Andersen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Li, J.W.-H., and Vederas, J.C. (2021, August 21). Drug Discovery and Natural Products: End of an Era or an Endless Frontier?. Available online: http:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"74","article-title":"The Action of Plant Extracts on a Bacteriophage of Pseudornonas pyocyanea and on Influenza A Virus","volume":"6","author":"Chantrill","year":"1952","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1076\/1388-0209(200001)38:1;1-B;FT040","article-title":"Investigation of medicinal plants of Togo for antiviral and antimicrobial activities","volume":"38","author":"Anani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1076\/1388-0209(200001)3811-BFT036","article-title":"Antiviral Activities in Plants Endemic to Madagascar","volume":"38","author":"Hudson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.3923\/ajava.2011.1125.1152","article-title":"Plant as a Source of Natural Antiviral Agents","volume":"6","author":"Sohail","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perveen Al-Taweel, A. (2019). Natural products in drug discovery. Pharmacognosy\u2014Medicinal Plants, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.78419"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2168-9652.1000220","article-title":"Antiviral Phytochemicals: An Overview","volume":"6","author":"Kapoor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Physiol. Open Access"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/15569543.2017.1323338","article-title":"Alkaloids as the natural anti-influenza virus agents: A systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Moradi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxin. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1572-5995(00)80004-6","article-title":"Inrference of alkaloids with neuroreceptors and ion channels","volume":"21","author":"Wink","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Ramawat, K.G.M.J. (2007). Biotechnology: Secondary Metabolites. Science, Science Publishers. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Badal, S., and Delgoda, R. (2017). Chapter 9\u2014Alkaloids. Pharmacognosy, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verpoorte, R. (2005). Alkaloids. Encyclopedia of Analytical Science, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-12-369397-7\/00010-8"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.890","article-title":"The potential of alkaloids in drug discovery","volume":"15","author":"Cordell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Lipinski, C.A., Lombardo, F., Dominy, B.W., and Feeney, P.J. (2021, May 15). Experimental and Computational Approaches to Estimate Solubility and Permeability in Drug Discovery and Development q Settings. Available online: www.elsevier.com\/locate\/drugdeliv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4915","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20034915","article-title":"Understanding the Physicochemical Properties of Mitragynine, a Principal Alkaloid of Mitragyna speciosa, for Preclinical Evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03196","article-title":"Exploring biology with small organic molecules","volume":"432","author":"Stockwell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Rao, K.N., and Venkatachalam, S.R. (2021, May 15). Inhibition of Dihydrofolate Reductase and Cell Growth Activity by the Phenanthroindolizidine Alkaloids Pergularinine and Tylophorinidine: The In Vitro Cytotoxicity of These Plant Alkaloids and their Potential as Antimicrobial and Anticancer Agents. Available online: www.elsevier.com\/locate\/toxinvit."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naithani, R., Mehta, R.G., Shukla, D., Chandersekera, S.N., and Moriarty, R.M. (2010). Antiviral Activity of Phytochemicals: A Current Perspective. Dietary Components and Immune Function, Humana Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-061-8_24"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quintana, V., Selisko, B., Brunetti, J., Eydoux, C., Guillemot, J., Canard, B., Damonte, E., Julander, J., and Castilla, V. (2020). Antiviral activity of the natural alkaloid anisomycin against dengue and Zika viruses. Antivir. Res., 176.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104749"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.02.006","article-title":"The isoquinoline alkaloid berberine inhibits human cytomegalovirus replication by interfering with the viral Immediate Early-2 (IE2) protein transactivating activity","volume":"164","author":"Luganini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5068","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02427-14","article-title":"Downregulation of Cellular c-Jun N-Terminal Protein Kinase and NF-\u03baB Activation by Berberine May Result in Inhibition of Herpes Simplex Virus Replication","volume":"58","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2011.06.002","article-title":"Inhibition of H1N1 influenza A virus growth and induction of inflammatory mediators by the isoquinoline alkaloid berberine and extracts of goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)","volume":"11","author":"Cecil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1021\/np960250m","article-title":"HIV Inhibitory Natural Products. 26. 1 Quinoline Alkaloids from Euodia roxburghiana","volume":"59","author":"McCormick","year":"1928","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Horwitz, S.B., Chang, C.-K., and Grollman, A.P. (2021, March 19). Antiviral Action of Camptothecin. Available online: http:\/\/aac.asm.org\/."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.04.008","article-title":"Antiviral screen identifies EV71 inhibitors and reveals camptothecin-target, DNA topoisomerase 1 as a novel EV71 host factor","volume":"143","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wink, M. (2020). Potential of DNA Intercalating Alkaloids and Other Plant Secondary Metabolites against SARS-CoV-2 Causing COVID-19. Diversity, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/d12050175"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.06.006","article-title":"Emetine inhibits replication of RNA and DNA viruses without generating drug-resistant virus variants","volume":"144","author":"Khandelwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-018-0034-1","article-title":"Emetine inhibits Zika and Ebola virus infections through two molecular mechanisms: Inhibiting viral replication and decreasing viral entry","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11474","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200611474","article-title":"Natural Plant Alkaloid (Emetine) Inhibits HIV-1 Replication by Interfering with Reverse Transcriptase Activity","volume":"20","author":"Abreu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bleasel, M.D., and Peterson, G.M. (2020). Emetine, Ipecac, Ipecac Alkaloids and Analogues as Potential Antiviral Agents for Coronaviruses. Pharmaceuticals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13030051"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukhopadhyay, R., Roy, S., Venkatadri, R., Su, Y.-P., Ye, W., Barnaeva, E., Griner, L.M., Southall, N., Hu, X., and Wang, A.Q. (2016). Efficacy and Mechanism of Action of Low Dose Emetine against Human Cytomegalovirus. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005717"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choy, K.-T., Wong, A.Y.-L., Kaewpreedee, P., Sia, S.F., Chen, D., Hui, K.P.Y., Chu, D.K.W., Chan, M.C.W., Cheung, P.H.P., and Huang, X. (2020). Remdesivir, lopinavir, emetine, and homoharringtonine inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro. Antivir. Res., 178.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104786"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D.E., Min, J.S., Jang, M.S., Lee, J.Y., Shin, Y.S., Park, C.M., Song, J.H., Kim, H.R., Kim, S., and Jin, Y.-H. (2019). Natural Bis-Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids-Tetrandrine, Fangchinoline, and Cepharanthine, Inhibit Human Coronavirus OC43 Infection of MRC-5 Human Lung Cells. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9110696"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aljofan, M., Sganga, M.L., Lo, M.K., Rootes, C.L., Porotto, M., Meyer, A.G., Saubern, S., Moscona, A., and Mungall, B.A. (2009). Antiviral activity of gliotoxin, gentian violet and brilliant green against Nipah and Hendra virus in vitro. Virol. J., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-6-187"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(94)90006-X","article-title":"Antiviral activity of natural and semi-synthetic chromone alkaloids","volume":"25","author":"Houghton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020.2015.1055729","article-title":"Antiviral glycosidic bisindole alkaloids from the roots ofIsatis indigotica","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2020.04.009","article-title":"Antiviral activity of lycorine against Zika virus in vivo and in vitro","volume":"546","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, D., Cai, J., Cheng, J., Jing, C., Yin, J., Jiang, J., Peng, Z., and Hao, X. (2015). Design, Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship Optimization of Lycorine Derivatives for HCV Inhibition. Sci Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14972"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12035","article-title":"Amaryllidaceae alkaloids inhibit nuclear-to-cytoplasmic export of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Influ. Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201300505","article-title":"Anti-Dengue-Virus Activity and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Lycorine Derivatives","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2005.02.007","article-title":"Identification of natural compounds with antiviral activities against SARS-associated coronavirus","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1250093","article-title":"Manzamine A as a Novel Inhibitor of Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 Replication in Cultured Corneal Cells","volume":"77","author":"Palem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.2.484","article-title":"Michellamine B, a Novel Plant Alkaloid, Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Induced Cell Killing by at Least Two Distinct Mechanisms","volume":"39","author":"McMahon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00038a003","article-title":"Anti-HIV Michellamines from Ancistrocladus korupensisl","volume":"37","author":"Boyd","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-958128","article-title":"Anti-Herpes Virus Activity of Aporphine Alkaloids","volume":"61","author":"Montanha","year":"1995","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3440085","article-title":"Polycitone A, a novel and potent general inhibitor of retroviral reverse transcriptases and cellular DNA polymerases","volume":"344","author":"Loya","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10012","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403596101","article-title":"Small molecules targeting severe acute respiratory syndrome human coronavirus","volume":"101","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/095632020301400202","article-title":"In Vitro Anti-Influenza Virus Activity of the Pavine Alkaloid (-)-Thalimonine Isolated from Thalictrum Simplex L.","volume":"14","author":"Serkedjieva","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antivir. Chem. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6364","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63397-7","article-title":"Tomatidine, a natural steroidal alkaloid shows antiviral activity towards chikungunya virus in vitro","volume":"10","author":"Troost","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.11.011","article-title":"Tomatidine, a novel antiviral compound towards dengue virus","volume":"161","author":"Troost","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-827227","article-title":"Anti-HIV-1 Activity of the Iboga Alkaloid Congener 18-Methoxycoronaridine","volume":"70","author":"Silva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.068","article-title":"Characterization of citrus pectin films integrated with clove bud essential oil: Physical, thermal, barrier, antioxidant and antibacterial properties","volume":"106","author":"Nisar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.12.104","article-title":"Development of novel entry inhibitors targeting emerging viruses","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2010.12.009","article-title":"How viruses access the nucleus","volume":"1813","author":"Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro817","article-title":"Virus entry: Molecular mechanisms and biomedical applications","volume":"2","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a011874","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a004788","article-title":"Glycosphingolipid Functions","volume":"3","author":"Lingwood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3157","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909587107","article-title":"A broad-spectrum antiviral targeting entry of enveloped viruses","volume":"107","author":"Wolf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.04.013","article-title":"Structures of the Zika Virus Envelope Protein and Its Complex with a Flavivirus Broadly Protective Antibody","volume":"19","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10348","article-title":"Ebola virus entry requires the cholesterol transporter Niemann\u2013Pick C1","volume":"477","author":"Carette","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.09.025","article-title":"Berberine inhibits hepatitis C virus entry by targeting the viral E2 glycoprotein","volume":"53","author":"Hung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0374-2","article-title":"Fusion mechanism of 2019-nCoV and fusion inhibitors targeting HR1 domain in spike protein","volume":"17","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-020-00598-8","article-title":"Structure-based drug designing for potential antiviral activity of selected natural products from Ayurveda against SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and its cellular receptor","volume":"31","author":"Maurya","year":"2020","journal-title":"VirusDisease"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fielding, B.C., Filho, C.D.S.M.B., Ismail, N.S.M., and De Sousa, D.P. (2020). Alkaloids: Therapeutic Potential against Human Coronaviruses. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235496"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gyebi, G.A., Adegunloye, A.P., Ibrahim, I.M., Ogunyemi, O.M., Afolabi, S.O., and Ogunro, O.B. (2020). Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry: Insight from in silico interaction of drug-like alkaloids with spike glycoprotein, human ACE2, and TMPRSS2. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn., 1\u201325.","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2020.1835726"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9784","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28040-6","article-title":"Interaction between the barley allelochemical compounds gramine and hordenine and artificial lipid bilayers mimicking the plant plasma membrane","volume":"8","author":"Lebecque","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.105.013573","article-title":"Capsaicin Regulates Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channels by Altering Lipid Bilayer Elasticity","volume":"68","author":"Birn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.5b00168","article-title":"Capsaicin Fluidifies the Membrane and Localizes Itself near the Lipid\u2013Water Interface","volume":"6","author":"Schneider","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022315802264","article-title":"Modes of Action of Allelochemical Alkaloids: Interaction with Neuroreceptors, DNA, and Other Molecular Targets","volume":"24","author":"Wink","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(89)90206-5","article-title":"A nuclear magnetic resonance study of the interactions of the antimalarials chloroquine, quinacrine, quinine and mefloquine with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers","volume":"35","author":"Zidovetzki","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2015.02.006","article-title":"Neoechinulin B and its analogues as potential entry inhibitors of influenza viruses, targeting viral hemagglutinin","volume":"93","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.08.120","article-title":"Palmatine inhibits Zika virus infection by disrupting virus binding, entry, and stability","volume":"518","author":"Ho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2014.03.041","article-title":"Cepharanthine inhibited HIV-1 cell\u2013cell transmission and cell-free infection via modification of cell membrane fluidity","volume":"24","author":"Matsuda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-020-01088-2","article-title":"Identification of the natural product berberine as an antiviral drug","volume":"10","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8698","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.14.8698-8706.2005","article-title":"Castanospermine, a Potent Inhibitor of Dengue Virus Infection In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"79","author":"Whitby","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2018.06.010","article-title":"Nucleic acids binding strategies of small molecules: Lessons from alkaloids","volume":"1862","author":"Basu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2655","article-title":"Viral subversion of the host protein synthesis machinery","volume":"9","author":"Walsh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosas-Acosta, G. (2013). Antiviral replication agents. Viral Replication, InTech Open Science.","DOI":"10.5772\/3017"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Payne, S. (2017). Introduction to RNA Viruses. Viruses, 97\u2013105.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803109-4.00010-6"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rampersad, S., and Tennant, P. (2018). Replication and Expression Strategies of Viruses. Viruses, 55\u201382.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811257-1.00003-6"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, F., Corona, A., and Tramontano, E. (2012). HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Still Remains a New Drug Target: Structure, Function, Classical Inhibitors, and New Inhibitors with Innovative Mechanisms of Actions. Mol. Biol. Int., 2012.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/586401"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17462","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1405981111","article-title":"Mechanism of ganciclovir-induced chain termination revealed by resistant viral polymerase mutants with reduced exonuclease activity","volume":"111","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dial, C.N., Tate, P.M., Kicmal, T.M., and Mounce, B.C. (2019). Coxsackievirus B3 Responds to Polyamine Depletion via Enhancement of 2A and 3C Protease Activity. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11050403"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9683","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01347-16","article-title":"Inhibition of Polyamine Biosynthesis Is a Broad-Spectrum Strategy against RNA Viruses","volume":"90","author":"Mounce","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, K.-O., Kim, Y., Lovell, S., Rathnayake, A.D., and Groutas, W.C. (2019). Antiviral Drug Discovery: Norovirus Proteases and Development of Inhibitors. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11020197"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1177\/2472555220942123","article-title":"RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase as a Target for COVID-19 Drug Discovery","volume":"25","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"SLAS Discov. Adv. Sci. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3971","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw237","article-title":"Mechanisms of small molecule\u2013DNA interactions probed by single-molecule force spectroscopy","volume":"44","author":"Almaqwashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2007.09.006","article-title":"DNA as a target for anticancer compounds: Methods to determine the mode of binding and the mechanism of action","volume":"18","author":"Palchaudhuri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(99)00018-0","article-title":"Topoisomerase II inhibition by aporphine alkaloids","volume":"57","author":"Woo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.10.008","article-title":"How do the alkaloids emetine and homoharringtonine kill trypanosomes? An insight into their molecular modes of action","volume":"23","author":"Krstin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13410","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9069515","article-title":"Interaction of Isoquinoline Alkaloids with an RNA Triplex: Structural and Thermodynamic Studies of Berberine, Palmatine, and Coralyne Binding to Poly(U).Poly(A)*Poly(U)","volume":"113","author":"Sinha","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(96)00545-6","article-title":"Biochemical activities of berberine, palmatine and sanguinarine mediating chemical defence against microorganisms and herbivores","volume":"44","author":"Schmeller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600740819","article-title":"Enzyme Inhibition VIII: Mode of Inhibition of Reverse Transcriptase Activity by Analogues, Isomers, and Related Alkaloids of Coralyne","volume":"74","author":"Sethi","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.4172\/jaa.1000009","article-title":"Antiviral Activity of Emetine Dihydrochloride Against Dengue Virus Infection","volume":"1","author":"Low","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Antivir. Antiretrovir."},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"Contrerast, A., and Carrascot, L. (2021, August 07). Selective Inhibition of Protein Synthesis in Virus-Infected Mammalian Cells. Available online: http:\/\/jvi.asm.org\/."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4089","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)93283-7","article-title":"No Tinhibitor of protein biosynthesisitle","volume":"245","author":"Grollman","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2013.03.017","article-title":"Homoharringtonine\/Omacetaxine Mepesuccinate: The Long and Winding Road to Food and Drug Administration Approval","volume":"13","author":"Kantarjian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(77)90140-4","article-title":"The molecular basis of emetine resistance in chinese hamster ovary cells: Alteration in the 40S ribosomal subunit","volume":"10","author":"Gupta","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4727","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00640a030","article-title":"Enzymic and Nonenzymic Translocation by Yeast Polysomes. Site of Action of a Number of Inhibitors?","volume":"16","author":"Jimenez","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11256.x","article-title":"Inhibition of Translation in Eukaryotic Systems by Harringtonine","volume":"72","author":"Fresno","year":"1977","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.34.1.293-296.1980","article-title":"Specificity of protein synthesis inhibitors in the inhibition of encephalomyocarditis virus replication","volume":"34","author":"Ramabhadran","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-483","article-title":"Lycorine reduces mortality of human enterovirus 71-infected mice by inhibiting virus replication","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2787(76)90261-6","article-title":"Inhibitors of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells: Comparative effects of some Amaryllidaceae alkaloids","volume":"425","author":"Jimenez","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Nucleic Acids Protein Synth."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(83)80951-X","article-title":"Peptidyltransferase center of ribosomes: On the mechanism of action of alkaloid lycorine","volume":"160","author":"Kukhanova","year":"1983","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2007.05.009","article-title":"Antiviral effects of quinine sulfate on HSV-1 HaCat cells infected: Analysis of the molecular mechanisms involved","volume":"47","author":"Baroni","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2018.07.018","article-title":"Drug repurposing of quinine as antiviral against dengue virus infection","volume":"255","author":"Malakar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"95","article-title":"Phase II study of camptothecin (NSC-100880) in the treatment of advanced gastrointestinal cancer","volume":"65","author":"Moertel","year":"1972","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Rep."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.11.001","article-title":"An analog of camptothecin inactive against Topoisomerase I is broadly neutralizing of HIV-1 through inhibition of Vif-dependent APOBEC3G degradation","volume":"136","author":"Bennett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4742","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-4452","article-title":"Crystalline Camptothecin-20( S )-O-Propionate Hydrate: A Novel Anticancer Agent with Strong Activity against 19 Human Tumor Xenografts","volume":"69","author":"Cao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"Clinicaltrials.gov (2021, October 22). Phase I Clinical Trial of Camptothecin-20-O-Propionate Hydrate (CZ48), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/study\/NCT02575638."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2017.03.012","article-title":"Nanostructures based on ammonium-terminated amphiphilic Janus dendrimers as camptothecin carriers with antiviral activity","volume":"90","author":"Lancelot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"Garner-Wizard, M., Henson, S., Milot, B., Minigh, J., Oliff, H.S., and Oppel, M. (2021, October 25). Update on Plant-Derived Compounds Used on HIV Treatment. Available online: https:\/\/www.herbalgram.org\/media\/4849\/373_review110685-373-110685.pdf."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"5","article-title":"Terrestrial plants as a source of novel pharmaceutical agents","volume":"2","author":"Cragg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compr. Nat. Prod. II Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"Lu, Y. (2015). The Design and Synthesis of Novel Michellamine B Analogues Targeting HIV, University of Wollongong."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D668","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkj067","article-title":"DrugBank: A comprehensive resource for in silico drug discovery and exploration","volume":"34","author":"Wishart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"Nadia Bouabdallaoui, F., and Tardif, J.C. (2021, October 29). The Role of Colchicine in Recent Clinical Trials\u2014A Focused Review on Pericardial Disease. American College of Cardiology. Available online: https:\/\/www.acc.org\/latest-in-cardiology\/articles\/2020\/08\/13\/13\/11\/the-role-of-colchicine-in-recent-clinical-trials."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deftereos, S.G., Giannopoulos, G., Vrachatis, D.A., Siasos, G.D., Giotaki, S.G., Gargalianos, P., Metallidis, S., Sianos, G., Baltagiannis, S., and Panagopoulos, P. (2020). Effect of Colchicine vs Standard Care on Cardiac and Inflammatory Biomarkers and Clinical Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized With Coronavirus Disease 2019: The GRECCO-19 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw. Open, 3.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.13136"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, M.I., Bonjorno, L.P., Giannini, M.C., Amaral, N.B., Menezes, P.I., Dib, S.M., Gigante, S.L., Benatti, M.N., Rezek, U.C., and Emrich-Filho, L.L. (2021). Beneficial effects of colchicine for moderate to severe COVID-19: A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. RMD Open, 7.","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2020-001455"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubiaceae, S. (2016). Ipecacuanha, emetine, and dehydroemetine. Meyler\u2019s Side Eff. Drugs, 311\u2013312.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53717-1.00914-8"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-198003000-00007","article-title":"Assessment of Emetine Cardiotoxicity in a Subacute Toxicity Experiment in Rats","volume":"2","author":"Zbinden","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthews, H., Deakin, J., Rajab, M., Idris-Usman, M., and Nirmalan, N.J. (2017). Investigating antimalarial drug interactions of emetine dihydrochloride hydrate using CalcuSyn-based interactivity calculations. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173303"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.10.012","article-title":"Dose-dependent emetic effects of the Amaryllidaceous alkaloid lycorine in beagle dogs","volume":"57","author":"Kretzing","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.07.147","article-title":"Lycorine: A prospective natural lead for anticancer drug discovery","volume":"107","author":"Roy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2021.7970","article-title":"Lycorine inhibits cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and primarily exerts in vitro cytostatic effects in human colorectal cancer via activating the ROS\/p38 and AKT signaling pathways","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-03-415307","article-title":"Phase 2 study of subcutaneous omacetaxine mepesuccinate after TKI failure in patients with chronic-phase CML with T315I mutation","volume":"120","author":"Cortes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2012.083006","article-title":"Omacetaxine mepesuccinate for patients with accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukemia with resistance or intolerance to two or more tyrosine kinase inhibitors","volume":"98","author":"Nicolini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Haematologica"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/3\/903\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:10:12Z","timestamp":1760134212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/3\/903"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"references-count":145,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27030903"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27030903","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]}}}