{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:48:56Z","timestamp":1760150936727,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Withanolides constitute one of the most interesting classes of natural products due to their diversity of structures and biological activities. Our recent studies on withanolides obtained from plants of Solanaceae including Withania somnifera and a number of Physalis species grown under environmentally controlled aeroponic conditions suggested that this technique is a convenient, reproducible, and superior method for their production and structural diversification. Investigation of aeroponically grown Physalis coztomatl afforded 29 withanolides compared to a total of 13 obtained previously from the wild-crafted plant and included 12 new withanolides, physacoztolides I\u2212M (9\u201313), 15\u03b1-acetoxy-28-hydroxyphysachenolide C (14), 28-oxophysachenolide C (15), and 28-hydroxyphysachenolide C (16), 5\u03b1-chloro-6\u03b2-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrophysachenolide D (17), 15\u03b1-acetoxy-5\u03b1-chloro-6\u03b2-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrophysachenolide D (18), 28-hydroxy-5\u03b1-chloro-6\u03b2-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrophysachenolide D (19), physachenolide A-5-methyl ether (20), and 17 known withanolides 3\u20135, 8, and 21\u201333. The structures of 9\u201320 were elucidated by the analysis of their spectroscopic data and the known withanolides 3\u20135, 8, and 21\u201333 were identified by comparison of their spectroscopic data with those reported. Evaluation against a panel of prostate cancer (LNCaP, VCaP, DU-145, and PC-3) and renal carcinoma (ACHN) cell lines, and normal human foreskin fibroblast (WI-38) cells revealed that 8, 13, 15, and 17\u201319 had potent and selective activity for prostate cancer cell lines. Facile conversion of the 5,6-chlorohydrin 17 to its 5,6-epoxide 8 in cell culture medium used for the bioassay suggested that the cytotoxic activities observed for 17\u201319 may be due to in situ formation of their corresponding 5\u03b2,6\u03b2-epoxides, 8, 27, and 28.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T05:26:17Z","timestamp":1643433977000},"page":"909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Production and Structural Diversification of Withanolides by Aeroponic Cultivation of Plants of Solanaceae: Cytotoxic and Other Withanolides from Aeroponically Grown Physalis coztomatl"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Ya-Ming","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, AZ 85706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. M. Kithsiri","family":"Wijeratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, AZ 85706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manping X.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, AZ 85706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0593-3921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijiang","family":"Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenqiong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. A. Leslie","family":"Gunatilaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, AZ 85706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1039\/np9910800415","article-title":"Withanolides and related ergostane-type steroids","volume":"8","author":"Glotter","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1039\/c0np00045k","article-title":"Natural withanolides: An overview","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. 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