{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:23:24Z","timestamp":1791195804924,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/TK0\/UKM\/02\/"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/TK0\/UKM\/02\/"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004515","name":"National University of Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DPK-2020-009 & PP-SELFUEL-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPK-2020-009 & PP-SELFUEL-2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of the performance of core shell nanostructure adsorbent for hydrogen sulfide (H2S) capture. Commercial coconut shell activated carbon (CAC) and commercial mixed gas of 5000 ppm H2S balanced N2 were used. With different preparation techniques, the CAC was modified by core shell impregnation with zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium oxide (TiO2), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and zinc acetate (ZnAC2). The core structure was prepared with CAC impregnated by single chemical and double chemical labelled with ZnAC2-CAC (single chemical), ZnAC2\/KOH-CAC, ZnAC2\/ZnO-CAC, and ZnAC2\/TiO2-CAC. Then, the prepared core was layered either with KOH, TiO2, NH3, or TEOS for the shell. The synthesized adsorbents were characterized in physical and chemical characterization through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyzers. Operation of the adsorber column takes place at ambient temperature, with absolute pressure at 1.5 bar. The H2S gas was fed into the column at 5.5 L\/min and the loaded adsorbents were 150 g. The performance of synthesized adsorbent was analyzed through the adsorbent\u2019s capability in capturing H2S gas. Based on the results, ZnAc2\/ZnO\/CAC_WOS shows a better adsorption capacity with 1.17 mg H2S\/g and a 53% increment compared to raw CAC. However, the degradation of the adsorbents was higher compared to ZnAc2\/ZnO\/CAC_OS and to ZnAc2\/ZnO\/CAC_WS ZnAc2\/ZnO\/CAC_OS. The presence of silica as a shell has potentially increased the adsorbent\u2019s stability in several cycles of adsorption-desorption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27031145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T23:42:20Z","timestamp":1644363740000},"page":"1145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Core Shell Nanostructure: Impregnated Activated Carbon as Adsorbent for Hydrogen Sulfide Adsorption"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Nurul Noramelya","family":"Zulkefli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajeevelosana","family":"Seladorai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5714-7415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Shahbudin","family":"Masdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8708-0362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nabilah","family":"Mohd Sofian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1051-3120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wan Nor Roslam","family":"Wan Isahak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Review: Kinetic studies and anaerobic co-digestion of vegetable market waste and sewage sludge","volume":"35","author":"Anhuradha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wiley Inter Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2010.11.012","article-title":"Biogas as a potential renewable energy source: A Ghanaian case study","volume":"36","author":"Arthur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zulkefli, N.N., Masdar, M.S., Wan Isahak, W.N.R., Abu Bakar, S.N.H., Abu Hasan, H., and Mohd Sofian, N. (2021). Application of response surface methodology for preparation of ZnAC2\/CAC adsorbents for hydrogen sulfide (H2S) capture. Catalysts, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal11050545"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"41","article-title":"Review: Integrasi sistem penulenan biohidrogen dan aplikasi sel fuel","volume":"1","author":"Sidek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"308","article-title":"Review: Low-cost biogas purification system for application of bio CNG as fuel for automobile engines","volume":"2","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.05.261","article-title":"A review on common adsorbents for acid gases removal: Focus on biochar","volume":"81","author":"Bamdad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22133","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.9b03800","article-title":"Removal of hydrogen sulfide from gas streams using porous materials: A review","volume":"58","author":"Khabazipour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"10060","article-title":"Overview of H2S removal technologies from biogas production","volume":"11","author":"Zulkefli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Review: Removal of hydrogen sulfide from a biogas mimic by using impregnated activated carbon adsorbent","volume":"1","author":"Zulkefli","year":"2019","journal-title":"PlusOne Publ."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1816","article-title":"Review: Core \u00e0 shell nanostructured catalysts","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. Chem. Soc. Publ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-101975-7.00009-9","article-title":"Review: Silicon carbide nanomaterials","volume":"1","author":"Voon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Synth. Inorg. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12105","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA01749F","article-title":"Review: Highly selective separation of H2S and CO2 using a H2S-imprinted polymers loaded on a polyoxometalate@Zr-based metal-organic framework with a core-shell structure at ambient temperature","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"2373","article-title":"Review: Core\/shell nanoparticles: Classes, properties, synthesis mechanisms, characterization and applications","volume":"4","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. Chem. Soc. Publ."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"181","article-title":"Capabilities dual chemical mixture (DCM) adsorbents through metal anchoring in H2S captured","volume":"63","author":"Zulkefli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Solid State Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2014.02.007","article-title":"A high-performance adsorbent for hydrogen sulfide removal","volume":"190","author":"Elyassi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgiadis, A.G., Charisiou, N.D., and Goula, M.A. (2020). Removal of hydrogen sulfide from various industrial gases: A review of the most promising adsorbing materials. Catalysts, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal10050521"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.11.037","article-title":"Contributions of tailored oxygen vacancies in ZnO\/Al2O3 composites to the enhanced ability for H2S removal at room temperature","volume":"215","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(01)00049-5","article-title":"H2S adsorption\/oxidation on unmodified activated carbons: Importance of prehumidification","volume":"39","author":"Bagreev","year":"2001","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-860X(98)00178-1","article-title":"The effect of water in the low-temperature catalytic oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to sulfur over activated carbon","volume":"173","author":"Primavera","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. A Gen."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1515\/pac-2014-1117","article-title":"Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC Technical Report)","volume":"87","author":"Thommes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roque-Malherbe, R.M. (2007). Adsorption and Diffusion in Nanoporous Materials, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420046762"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2018.12.146","article-title":"ZnO-coated SiO2 nanocatalyst preparation and its photocatalytic activity over nitric oxides as an alternative material to pure ZnO","volume":"473","author":"Kitsou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2010.06.073","article-title":"Packed bed column studies on Cr (VI) removal from tannery wastewater by neem sawdust","volume":"264","author":"Vinodhini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"719","article-title":"Preliminary study of sulfur dioxide removal using calcined egg shell","volume":"21","author":"Sethupathi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malays. J. Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.124906","article-title":"ZnFe2O4\/activated carbon as a regenerable adsorbent for catalytic removal of H2S from air at room temperature","volume":"394","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/3\/1145\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:16:23Z","timestamp":1760134583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/3\/1145"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27031145"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27031145","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]}}}