{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:39:16Z","timestamp":1792024756387,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia and the Research Management Centre, IIUM","award":["(ID: SRCG20-002-0002; UMP-IIUM-UiTM Sustainable Research Collaboration Grant 2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(ID: SRCG20-002-0002; UMP-IIUM-UiTM Sustainable Research Collaboration Grant 2020)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>According to the latest report released by the World Health Organization, bacterial resistance to well-known and widely available antibacterial drugs has become a significant and severe global health concern and a grim challenge to tackle in order to cure infections associated with multidrug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms efficiently. Consequently, various strategies have been orchestrated to cure the severe complications related to multidrug-resistant bacteria effectively. Some approaches involved the retardation of biofilm formation and multidrug-resistance pumps in bacteria as well as the discovery of new antimicrobial agents demonstrating different mechanisms of action. In this regard, natural products namely alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, anthraquinone, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, etc., have been suggested to tackle the multidrug-resistant bacterial strains owing to their versatile pharmacological effects. Amongst these, flavonoids, also known as polyphenolic compounds, have been widely evaluated for their antibacterial property due to their tendency to retard the growth of a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. The hydroxylation of C5, C7, C3\u2032, and C4\u2032; and geranylation or prenylation at C6 have been extensively studied to increase bacterial inhibition of flavonoids. On the other hand, methoxylation at C3\u2032 and C5 has been reported to decrease flavonoids\u2019 antibacterial action. Hence, the latest information on the antibacterial activity of flavonoids is summarized in this review, with particular attention to the structure\u2013activity relationship of this broad class of natural compounds to discover safe and potent antibacterial agents as natural products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T23:42:20Z","timestamp":1644363740000},"page":"1149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":466,"title":["Antibacterial Effects of Flavonoids and Their Structure-Activity Relationship Study: A Comparative Interpretation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1167-6618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nur Farisya","family":"Shamsudin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Design and Synthesis Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang D. M., Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0565-3222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qamar Uddin","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Design and Synthesis Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang D. M., Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9052-147X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology (Chemical), Gambang Campus, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Kuantan 26300, Pahang D. M., Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8142-5013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Adnan","family":"Ali Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor Kampus Puncak Alam, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor D. E., Malaysia"},{"name":"Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor Kampus Puncak Alam, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor D. E., Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5480-0789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfi","family":"Khatib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Design and Synthesis Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang D. M., Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayeed","family":"Mukhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meshari A.","family":"Alsharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24230, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8365-0014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Humaira","family":"Parveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5525-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zainul Amiruddin","family":"Zakaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1408040","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance\u2014Problems, Progress, and Prospects","volume":"371","author":"Nathan","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. 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