{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T07:16:09Z","timestamp":1790061369425,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","award":["Competitive In-ternal Research Award CIRA-ADEK and Abu Dhabi Award for Re-search Excellence (AARE) 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Competitive In-ternal Research Award CIRA-ADEK and Abu Dhabi Award for Re-search Excellence (AARE) 2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present study, five 4-aminophenol derivatives (4-chloro-2-(((4-hydroxyphenyl)imino)methyl)phenol(S-1), 4-((4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene)amino)phenol(S-2), 4-((3-nitrobenzylidene)amino)phenol(S-3), 4-((thiophen-2-ylmethylene)amino)phenol(S-4) and 4-(((E)-3-phenylallylidene)amino)phenol(S-5)) were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and elemental analyses. The synthesized compounds were tested for their antimicrobial (Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and Saccharomyces\u00a0cervesea fungus) and antidiabetic (\u03b1-amylase and \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitory) activities. All the compounds showed broad-spectrum activities against the Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 4698), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228), Bacillus subtilis sub. sp spizizenii (ATCC 6633), Bordetella bronchiseptica (ATCC 4617) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 9763) strains. The newly synthesized compounds showed a significant inhibition of amylase (93.2%) and glucosidase (73.7%) in a concentration-dependent manner. Interaction studies of Human DNA with the synthesized Schiff bases were also performed. The spectral bands of S-1, S-2, S-3 and S-5 all showed hyperchromism, whereas the spectral band of S-4 showed a hypochromic effect. Moreover, the spectral bands of the S-2, S-3 and S-4 compounds were also found to exhibit a bathochromic shift (red shift). The present studies delineate broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antidiabetic activities of the synthesized compounds. Additionally, DNA interaction studies highlight the potential of synthetic compounds as anticancer agents. The DNA interaction studies, as well as the antidiabetic activities articulated by the molecular docking methods, showed the promising aspects of synthetic compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T20:25:45Z","timestamp":1645129545000},"page":"1352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Synthesis, Characterization, Biological Evaluation and DNA Interaction Studies of 4-Aminophenol Derivatives: Theoretical and Experimental Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Bushra","family":"Rafique","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6552-4652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saima","family":"Kalsoom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Preston University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8600-3899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahim A.","family":"Sajini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8008-4595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hammad","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Umar Al Khayyam Block, Hafiz Hayat Campus, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9830-8235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mudassir","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2860(98)00604-8","article-title":"Keto-enol tautomerism, conformations and structure of N-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl), 2-hydroxybenzaldehydeimine","volume":"477","author":"Kabak","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Patel, P., Thaker, B., and Zele, S. (1999). Preparation and Characterisation of Some Lanthanide Complexes Involving a Heterocyclic \u03b2-Diketone, NISCAIR-CSIR."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Spichiger-Keller, U.E. (2008). Chemical Sensors and Biosensors for Medical and Biological Applications, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Lawrence, J.F., and Frei, R.W. (2000). Chemical Derivatization in Liquid Chromatography, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"287","article-title":"Antioxidative effect of Schiff bases with o-hydroxybenzylidene groupon free radical induced hemolysis of human red blood cell","volume":"18","author":"Luo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Chin. Univ."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"635","article-title":"Molecular modeling and biological evaluation of a series of hydroxylated benzylideneanilines and benzylamines designed as tyrosine kinase inhibitors","volume":"12","author":"Solomon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1081\/SIM-120004444","article-title":"Synthesis, spectroscopic studies, and antimicrobial activity of Mn (II), Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II), and Cd (II) complexes with bidentate Schiff bases and 2, 2\u2032-bipyridylamine","volume":"32","author":"Dholakiya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Synth. React. Inorg. Met.-Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"185","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of Schiff bases","volume":"10","author":"Ashraf","year":"2011","journal-title":"IPCBEE"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-938X(98)00183-8","article-title":"Investigation on some Schiff bases as HCl corrosioninhibitors for copper","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"1999","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2005.02.148","article-title":"The effect of some Schiff bases on the corrosion of aluminum in hydrochloric acid solution","volume":"252","author":"Shabani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-938X(00)00131-1","article-title":"Protection of copper corrosion by modification of self-assembled films of Schiff bases with alkanethiol","volume":"43","author":"Quan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"2534","article-title":"Synthesis of schiff base under solvent-free condition: As a green approach","volume":"6","author":"Abirami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Tech. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"283","article-title":"Antibacterial activites of some new amino acid-schi bases","volume":"16","author":"Sari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gazi Univ. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"49","article-title":"Anticonvulsant activity of Schiff bases of isatin derivatives","volume":"54","author":"Verma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Pharm."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.9790\/5736-1006010613","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activityof Schiff Bases Derived from 4-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde with Some Amino Acids and 4-Aminoantipyrine toward Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II), Cd (II) and Mn (II) Ions","volume":"10","author":"Ahmad","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOSR J. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"83","article-title":"Metformin as a Potential Adjuvant Antimicrobial Agent Against Multidrug Resistant Bacteria","volume":"13","author":"Masadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Adv. Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2014.05.050","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of metal complexes of Schiff base ligand derived from imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde and 4-aminoantipyrine","volume":"133","author":"Joseyphus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2011.03.008","article-title":"Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and antiproliferative evaluation in vitro of novel Schiff bases related to benzimidazoles","volume":"46","author":"Hranjec","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2011.05.002","article-title":"Study binding of Al\u2013curcumin complex to ds-DNA, monitoring by multispectroscopic and voltammetric techniques","volume":"79","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part. A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2012.04.002","article-title":"Fluorometric study of fluoxetine DNA binding","volume":"113","author":"Kashanian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"604218","article-title":"DNA Interaction Studies of a Cobalt (II) Mixed-Ligand Complex Containing Two Intercalating Ligands: 4, 7-Dimethyl-1, 10-Phenanthroline and Dipyrido [3, 2-a:-c] phenazine","volume":"2013","author":"Shahabadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Sch. Res. Not."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1021\/bm2017959","article-title":"Molecular spectroscopy evidence of berberine binding to DNA: Comparative binding and thermodynamic profile of intercalation","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12208","DOI":"10.1021\/jp307911r","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of direct proflavine\u2013DNA intercalation: Evidence for drug-induced minimum base-stacking penalty pathway","volume":"116","author":"Sasikala","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6569","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.12558","article-title":"Naproxen intercalates with DNA and causes photocleavage through ROS generation","volume":"280","author":"Husain","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2013.11.029","article-title":"Recent advances in small organic molecules as DNA intercalating agents: Synthesis, activity, and modeling","volume":"74","author":"Rescifina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"McKnight, R.E. (2013). Insights into the Relative DNA Binding Affinity and Preferred Binding Mode of Homologous Compounds Using Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC). Applications of Calorimetry in a Wide Context-Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Isothermal Titration Calorimetry and Microcalorimetry, InTech Publication."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1039\/P19870000845","article-title":"Reagents and synthetic methods. Part 58. Synthesis of \u03b2-lactams from acetic acids and imines promoted by Vilsmeier type reagents","volume":"1","author":"Arrieta","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1338","article-title":"Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some Schiff bases","volume":"86","author":"Baluja","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Indian Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2011.12.030","article-title":"Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and comparative Cox1 and Cox2 docking of p-substituted benzylidenamino phenyl esters of ibuprofenic and mefenamic acids","volume":"20","author":"Hegazy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"39","article-title":"One pot synthesis, antitumor, antibacterial and antifungal activities of some Sciff base heterocycles","volume":"5","author":"Radi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2017.05.036","article-title":"Design, synthesis, molecular docking studies of organotin-drug derivatives as multi-target agents against antibacterial, antifungal, \u03b1-amylase, \u03b1-glucosidase and butyrylcholinesterase","volume":"464","author":"Saeed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.3390\/i8121233","article-title":"The interaction of sheep genomic DNA with a cobalt (II) complex containing p-Nitrobenzoate and N, N-Diethylnicotinamide ligands","volume":"8","author":"Arslantas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1080\/15257770.2019.1597975","article-title":"Biological evaluation, molecular docking and DNA interaction studies of coordination compounds gleaned from a pyrazolone incorporated ligand","volume":"38","author":"Arunadevi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2020.128800","article-title":"Synthesis, crystal structure, hirshfeld surface analysis, DFT calculations, anti-diabetic activity and molecular docking studies of (E)-N\u2019-(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene) isonicotinohydrazide","volume":"1221","author":"Karrouchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Chemical Computing Group ULC (2018). Molecular Operating Environment (MOE), 2013.08, Chemical Computing Group ULC."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2011.110","article-title":"Synthesis and anti\u2013Mycobacterium tuberculosis evaluation of Aza-Stilbene derivatives","volume":"11","author":"Pavan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3923\/jm.2010.44.49","article-title":"Isolation and screening of antibiotic producing psychrophilic actinomycetes and its nature from rothang hill soil against viridans Streptococcus sp.","volume":"5","author":"Raja","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2010.04.012","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity and a SAR study of some novel benzimidazole derivatives bearing hydrazone moiety","volume":"45","author":"Tunali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1991.00400050040010","article-title":"Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antibiotics","volume":"151","author":"Dever","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"277","article-title":"The antibiotic resistance crisis: Part 1: Causes and threats","volume":"40","author":"Ventola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.07.030","article-title":"In vitro antimicrobial effects and mechanism of action of selected plant essential oil combinations against four food-related microorganisms","volume":"44","author":"Lv","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2007.07.007","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Thymus vulgaris, Thymus zygis and Thymus hyemalis essential oils","volume":"19","author":"Rota","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"260","article-title":"Spectral investigation of the activities of amino substituted bases","volume":"2","author":"Maah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Eng. Appl."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2021.130666","article-title":"Microwave assisted synthesis of 4-aminophenol Schiff bases: DFT computations, QSAR\/Drug-likeness proprieties and antibacterial screening","volume":"1241","author":"Mohamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.64.1061","article-title":"Inhibition of fungal cell wall synthesizing enzymes by trans-cinnamaldehyde","volume":"64","author":"Bang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2004.07.010","article-title":"Antifungal activities of essential oils and their constituents from indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum) leaves against wood decay fungi","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2017.03.004","article-title":"Cinnamaldehyde inhibits the mycelial growth of Geotrichum citri-aurantii and induces defense responses against sour rot in citrus fruit","volume":"129","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2011.12.041","article-title":"Determination of the drug\u2013DNA binding modes using fluorescence-based assays","volume":"422","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2005.03.010","article-title":"Effects of Tris and Hepes buffers on the interaction of palladium\u2013diaminopropane complexes with DNA","volume":"99","author":"Akdi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-3461-x","article-title":"Spectrophotometric analysis of nucleic acids: Oxygenation-dependant hyperchromism of DNA","volume":"396","author":"Doshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2012.01.005","article-title":"Molecular drug design, synthesis and crystal structure determination of CuII\u2013SnIV heterobimetallic core: DNA binding and cleavage studies","volume":"49","author":"Arjmand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.2674","article-title":"Binding characteristics and interactive region of 2-phenylpyrazolo [1, 5-c] quinazoline with DNA","volume":"29","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Luminescence"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2007.03.008","article-title":"Noncovalent interactions with DNA: An overview","volume":"623","author":"Strekowski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagenesis"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6093249","article-title":"Adriamycin-induced DNA damage mediated by mammalian DNA topoisomerase II","volume":"226","author":"Tewey","year":"1984","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2787(81)90145-3","article-title":"DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian cells after exposure to intercalating agents","volume":"654","author":"Ross","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Nucleic Acids Protein Synth."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(91)90046-V","article-title":"An assay for proteinases and their inhibitors based on DNA\/ethidium bromide fluorescence","volume":"193","author":"Severini","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13023","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160613023","article-title":"Synthesis, DNA binding, and antiproliferative activity of novel acridine-thiosemicarbazone derivatives","volume":"16","author":"Lafayette","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2009.12.061","article-title":"Voltammetric and spectroscopic investigations of 4-nitrophenylferrocene interacting with DNA","volume":"75","author":"Shah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2015.06.024","article-title":"DNA-binding studies and biological activities of new nitrosubstituted acyl thioureas","volume":"1099","author":"Tahir","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0898-8838(08)60027-6","article-title":"DNA and RNA cleavage by metal complexes","volume":"45","author":"Pratviel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s11243-010-9382-x","article-title":"Multispectroscopic DNA interaction studies of a water-soluble nickel (II) complex containing different dinitrogen aromatic ligands","volume":"35","author":"Shahabadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transit. Met. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.1534","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and DNA binding and photocleavage studies of [Ru(bpy)2BDPPZ]2+, [Ru(dmb)2BDPPZ]2+ and [Ru(phen)2BDPPZ]2+ complexes and their antimicrobial activity","volume":"23","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Organomet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"215","article-title":"An overview of analytical techniques employed to evidence drug-DNA interactions. Applications to the design of genosensors","volume":"32","author":"Olives","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Trends Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2013.03.013","article-title":"Drug\u2013DNA interactions and their study by UV\u2013Visible, fluorescence spectroscopies and cyclic voltametry","volume":"124","author":"Sirajuddin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/4\/1352\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:21:17Z","timestamp":1760134877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/4\/1352"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27041352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27041352","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]}}}