{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:50:23Z","timestamp":1792518623629,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized through the coprecipitation method and used as nanocarriers for etoricoxib (selective COX-2 inhibitor drug) and montelukast (leukotriene product inhibitor drug) in combination therapy. The CuO NPs, free drugs, and nanoformulations were investigated through UV\/Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and DLS. SEM imaging showed agglomerated nanorods of CuO NPs of about 87 nm size. The CE1, CE2, and CE6 nanoformulations were investigated through DLS, and their particle sizes were 271, 258, and 254 nm, respectively. The nanoformulations were evaluated through in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, in vivo analgesic activity, in vivo anti-pyretic activity, and in vivo acute toxicity activity. In vivo activities were performed on albino mice. BSA denaturation was highly inhibited by CE1, CE2, and CE6 as compared to other nanoformulations in the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. The in vivo bioactivities showed that low doses (5 mg\/kg) of nanoformulations were more potent than high doses (10 and 20 mg\/kg) of free drugs in the inhibition of pain, fever, and inflammation. Lastly, CE2 was more potent than that of other nanoformulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T20:47:45Z","timestamp":1645476465000},"page":"1433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Synthesis of Copper Oxide-Based Nanoformulations of Etoricoxib and Montelukast and Their Evaluation through Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Pyretic, and Acute Toxicity Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Sulaiman","family":"Sulaiman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"},{"name":"Nanosciences and Technology Department, National Centre for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad 44000, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabir","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syeda Sohaila","family":"Naz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanosciences and Technology Department, National Centre for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad 44000, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Qaisar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanosciences and Technology Department, National Centre for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad 44000, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayyar","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9819-447X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amal","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Science, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2860-467X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riaz","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy (MAPPRC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.202100135","article-title":"Present status and future prospects of jute in nanotechnology: A review","volume":"21","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Rec."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feynman, R. (2018). There\u2019s plenty of room at the bottom. Feynman and Computation, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429500459-7"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Love, L., Post, B., Noakes, M., Nycz, A., and Kunc, V. (2021). There\u2019s Plenty of Room at the Top, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addma.2020.101727"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813586-0.00001-8","article-title":"An introduction to nanotechnology","volume":"Volume 28","author":"Nasrollahzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Interface Science and Technology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2020.108369","article-title":"A comprehensive review of green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and their diverse biomedical applications","volume":"123","author":"Waris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcolongo, D.M.S., Nocito, F., Ditaranto, N., Comparelli, R., Aresta, M., and Dibenedetto, A. (2022). Opto-Electronic Characterization of Photocatalysts Based on p, n-Junction Ternary and Quaternary Mixed Oxides Semiconductors (Cu2O-In2O3 and Cu2O-In2O3-TiO2). Catalysts, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal12020153"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2021.108974","article-title":"Cost effective photocatalytic and humidity sensing performance of green tea mediated copper oxide nanoparticles","volume":"134","author":"Rupashree","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2020.156700","article-title":"Hollow carbon spheres loaded with uniform dispersion of copper oxide nanoparticles for anode in lithium-ion batteries","volume":"853","author":"Trukawka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-021-00826-5","article-title":"Green biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using waste colocasia esculenta leaves extract and their application as recyclable catalyst towards the synthesis of 1, 2, 3-triazoles","volume":"11","author":"Barman","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioNanoScience"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghodke, S.A., Sonawane, S.H., Bhanvase, B.A., and Potoroko, I. (2018). Advanced engineered nanomaterials for the treatment of wastewater. Handbook of Nanomaterials for Industrial Applications, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813351-4.00055-9"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadu\u0161evi\u010dius, E. (2021). Novel applications of NSAIDs: Insight and future perspectives in cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, diabetes and cancer disease therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126637"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00723.x","article-title":"The burden of gastrointestinal and liver diseases, 2006","volume":"101","author":"Shaheen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(00)00627-6","article-title":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug prescribing: Past, present, and future","volume":"110","author":"Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.11.005","article-title":"Adverse effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, aspirin and coxibs) on upper gastrointestinal tract","volume":"24","author":"Sostres","year":"2010","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867327666200602131100","article-title":"Natural product inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme: A review on current status and future perspectives","volume":"28","author":"Ambati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2011.45","article-title":"Cardiovascular and gastrointestinal safety of NSAIDs: A systematic review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials","volume":"89","author":"Salvo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.06.028","article-title":"The risk of major NSAID toxicity with celecoxib, ibuprofen, or naproxen: A secondary analysis of the PRECISION trial","volume":"130","author":"Solomon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S232111","article-title":"Engineering of Naproxen Loaded Polymer Hybrid Enteric Microspheres for Modified Release Tablets: Development, Characterization, in silico Modelling and in vivo Evaluation","volume":"14","author":"Hameed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00014","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00014-21","article-title":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs dampen the cytokine and antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"95","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1841","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, COX1\/2 inhibition and molecular modeling studies on novel 2-thio-diarylimidazoles","volume":"45","author":"Kalkan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2021.105122","article-title":"Optimization of pyrazole-based compounds with 1, 2, 4-triazole-3-thiol moiety as selective COX-2 inhibitors cardioprotective drug candidates: Design, synthesis, cyclooxygenase inhibition, anti-inflammatory, ulcerogenicity, cardiovascular evaluation, and molecular modeling studies","volume":"114","author":"Abdellatif","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioorganic Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001583","article-title":"Perioperative use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of anastomotic failure in emergency general surgery","volume":"83","author":"Haddad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2019.01.005","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus and osteoarthritis","volume":"49","author":"Veronese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12679","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CS00029B","article-title":"Soft materials as biological and artificial membranes","volume":"50","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10748","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR02065J","article-title":"Effects of polyethylene glycol on the surface of nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davoudi, Z., Peroutka-Bigus, N., Bellaire, B., Jergens, A., Wannemuehler, M., and Wang, Q. (2021). Gut organoid as a new platform to study alginate and chitosan mediated PLGA nanoparticles for drug delivery. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19050282"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.21467\/ajgr.11.1.61-70","article-title":"A Review on Various Analytical Methodologies for Etoricoxib","volume":"11","author":"Prajapati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. J. Grad. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.02.101","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant and anticancer activity of copper oxide nanoparticles synthesized using medicinally important plant extracts","volume":"89","author":"Rehana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085403","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/aad426","article-title":"Antibacterial and photocatalytic activity of copper oxide nanoparticles synthesized using Solanum lycopersicum leaf extract","volume":"5","author":"Vaidehi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.05.573","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of paclitaxel nanoparticles for drug delivery","volume":"51","author":"Gade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, M.Z., Rizwanullah, M., Ahmad, J., Alasmary, M.Y., Akhter, M.H., Abdel-Wahab, B.A., Warsi, M.H., and Haque, A. (2021). Progress in nanomedicine-based drug delivery in designing of chitosan nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater., 1\u201322.","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2020.1869737"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esfahani, M.K.M., Islam, N., Cabot, P.J., and Izake, E.L. (2021). Development of Thiabendazole-Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng.","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.1c00066"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domper Arnal, M.-J., Hijos-Mallada, G., and Lanas, A. (2021). Gastrointestinal and cardiovascular adverse events associated with NSAIDs. Expert Opin. Drug Saf., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2021.1965988"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurianov, Y., Nakonechny, F., Albo, Y., and Nisnevitch, M. (2020). LLDPE composites with nanosized copper and copper oxides for water disinfection. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12081713"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2021.130342","article-title":"Enhanced Antifouling Property of Polydimethylsiloxane-CuO nanocomposite in Marine Environment","volume":"301","author":"Padmavathi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2018.04.005","article-title":"Chick-Watson kinetics of virus inactivation with granular activated carbon modified with silver nanoparticles and\/or copper oxide","volume":"117","author":"Shimabuku","year":"2018","journal-title":"Process. Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2020.128536","article-title":"Synthesis and antibacterial activity of graphene oxide decorated by silver and copper oxide nanoparticles","volume":"1218","author":"Menazea","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2011.11.025","article-title":"CuO nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, optical properties and interaction with amino acids","volume":"258","author":"ElShamy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12100","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1003\/1\/012100","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles decorated carbon nanoparticles using laser ablation in liquid","volume":"1003","author":"Khashan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-4040.104715","article-title":"A simple Ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for the determination of etoricoxib in dosage formulations","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2008.07.007","article-title":"Identification, synthesis, isolation and spectral characterization of potential impurities of montelukast sodium","volume":"48","author":"Saravanan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Nakamoto, K. (1963). Infrared Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, John Wiley and Son Inc."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"889","article-title":"Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using gum karaya as a biotemplate and their antibacterial application","volume":"8","author":"Padil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.44593","article-title":"Preparation and evaluation of transdermal drug delivery system of etoricoxib using modified chitosan","volume":"70","author":"Wahid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2016.601017","article-title":"Formulation and evaluation of solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) based topical gel of etoricoxib","volume":"6","author":"Kesharwani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2478\/v10007-007-0028-2","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of etoricoxib-\u03b2-cyclodextrin complexes prepared by the kneading method","volume":"57","author":"Patel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Pharm."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"819765","article-title":"Solubility and dissolution enhancement of etoricoxib by solid dispersion technique using sugar carriers","volume":"2011","author":"Das","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISRN Pharm."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-1483.100016","article-title":"Preparation and evaluation of montelukast sodium loaded solid lipid nanoparticles","volume":"4","author":"Priyanka","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Young Pharm."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtusci.2014.04.006","article-title":"Green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles using Gloriosa superba L. extract and their antibacterial activity","volume":"9","author":"Naika","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Taibah Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v16i1.25","article-title":"Green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles using Cassia auriculata leaf extract and in vitro evaluation of their biocompatibility with rheumatoid arthritis macrophages (RAW 264.7)","volume":"16","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"702963","article-title":"Formulation development of mouth dissolving film of etoricoxib for pain management","volume":"2015","author":"Senthilkumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"3","article-title":"Development and Validation of a RP-HPLC for the Simultaneous estimation of Atenolol and Hydrochlorothiazide in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms","volume":"2","author":"ZAVERI","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Res. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"327","article-title":"The in vitro anti-denaturation effects induced by natural products and non-steroidal compounds in heat treated (immunogenic) bovine serum albumin is proposed as a screening assay for the detection of anti-inflammatory compounds, without the use of animals, in the early stages of the drug discovery process","volume":"57","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"West Indian Med. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.5455\/njppp.2016.6.0616811072016","article-title":"Evaluation of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activity of leukotriene receptor antagonist-montelukast: An experimental study","volume":"7","author":"Kolhe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Natl. J. Physiol. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1515\/chem-2019-0113","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction","volume":"17","author":"Ullah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.09.045","article-title":"Pharmacological evidence favouring the use of Nauclea latifolia in malaria ethnopharmacy: Effects against nociception, inflammation, and pyrexia in rats and mice","volume":"127","author":"Abbah","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles synthesized via chemical precipitation method","volume":"2","author":"Luna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Access Libr. J."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"96","article-title":"Spectrophotometric quantification of Etoricoxib in bulk drug and tablets using hydrotropic agent","volume":"1","author":"Jat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phramacore"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-40422008000300021","article-title":"Determination of etoricoxib in human plasma using automated on-line solid-phase extraction coupled with LC-APCI\/MS\/MS","volume":"31","author":"Dalmora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Qu\u00edmica Nova"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukai, Y., Okamoto, R., and Takeuchi, S. (2021). Quantum fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in the fingerprint region. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/CLEO-PR62338.2022.10431982"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2020.157723","article-title":"Effect of the lattice mismatch on threading dislocations in heteroepitaxial GaN layers revealed by X-ray diffraction","volume":"858","author":"Romanitan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25490","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CP02866A","article-title":"Exploring the validity of the Stokes\u2013Einstein relation in supercooled water using nanomolecular probes","volume":"23","author":"Berkowicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"189","article-title":"Invitro anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Enicostemma axillare","volume":"3","author":"Leelaprakash","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"10","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of Ruta graveolens Linn on carrageenan induced paw edema in wistar male rats","volume":"6","author":"Ratheesh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00380","article-title":"TRPA1 contributes to the acute inflammatory response and mediates carrageenan-induced paw edema in the mouse","volume":"2","author":"Moilanen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"497","article-title":"Quantification of the analgesic activity of narcotic antagonists by a modified hot-plate procedure","volume":"192","author":"Holtzman","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2006.09.023","article-title":"Analgesic activity of Calotropis gigantea flower","volume":"78","author":"Pathak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(03)00175-2","article-title":"Antipyretic properties of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of the leaves of Ocimum suave and Ocimum lamiifolium in mice","volume":"88","author":"Makonnen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"49","article-title":"Antispasmodic activity of the fruits of Helicteres isora Linn","volume":"15","author":"Pohocha","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytother. Res. An. Int. J. Devoted Pharmacol. Toxicol. Eval. Nat. Prod. Deriv."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/4\/1433\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:23:48Z","timestamp":1760135028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/4\/1433"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27041433"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27041433","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]}}}