{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T14:07:03Z","timestamp":1772114823667,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phytoplasmas are economically important plant pathogenic bacterial diseases, causing severe yield losses worldwide. In this study, we tested nanoformulations such as glycyrrhizic acid ammonium salt (GAS), salicylic acid (SA), and boric acid (BA) as novel antimicrobial agents inducing the resistance against the phytoplasma disease in faba bean. The nanoparticles (NP) were foliar-applied to naturally phytoplasma-infected faba bean with three concentrations from each of SA, GAS, and BA, under field conditions. Nested PCR (using universal primer pairs P1\/P7 and R16F2n\/R16R2) were reacted positively with all symptomatic samples and gave a product size of approximately 1200 bp, while the healthy plant gave no results. Transmission electron microscopy examinations of phytoplasma-infected faba bean plants treated with different nanoparticles revealed that severe damage occurred in phytoplasma particle\u2019s structure, degradation, malformation, lysis in the cell membrane, and the cytoplasmic leakage followed by complete lysis of phytoplasma cells. Exogenous application of GAS-NP (1.68 \u00b5M), SA-NP (0.28 \u00b5M), and BA-NP (0.124 \u00b5M) suppressed the infection percentage of phytoplasma by 75%, 50%, and 20%, and the disease severity by 84%, 64%, and 54%, respectively. Foliar application of nanoparticles improved Fv\/Fm (maximum quantum efficiency of PSII Photochemistry), PI (the performance index), SPAD chlorophyll (the relative chlorophyll content), shoots height, and leaves number, thus inducing recovery of the plant biomass and green pods yield. The most effective treatment was GAS-NP at 1.68 \u00b5M that mediated substantial increases in the shoots\u2019 fresh weight, shoots\u2019 dry weight, number of pods per plant, and green pods yield by 230%, 244%, 202% and 178%, respectively, compared to those of infected plants not sprayed with nanoparticles. This study demonstrated the utility of using nanoparticles, particularly GAS-NP at 1.68 \u00b5M to suppress the phytoplasma infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27051467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T22:34:30Z","timestamp":1645569270000},"page":"1467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Nanoinhibitory Impacts of Salicylic Acid, Glycyrrhizic Acid Ammonium Salt, and Boric Acid Nanoparticles against Phytoplasma Associated with Faba Bean"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Eman A.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus and Phytoplasma Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5659-7454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tahsin","family":"Shoala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Biotechnology Department, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza 12563, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9634-6679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelsattar","family":"Abdelkhalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7702-5789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoda A. S.","family":"El-Garhy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics and Genetic Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Qalyubia 13736, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9437-2136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismail A.","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2306-474X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amro A.","family":"Farrag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus and Phytoplasma Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2009.09.016","article-title":"Nutritional value of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seeds for feed and food","volume":"115","author":"Crepon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Field Crop. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rady, M.M., Boriek, S.H.K., Abd El-Mageed, T.A., Seif El-Yazal, M.A., Ali, E.F., Hassan, F.A.S., and Abdelkhalik, A. (2021). 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