{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T14:34:24Z","timestamp":1780583664044,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marine drugs are abundant in number, comprise of a diverse range of structures with corresponding mechanisms of action, and hold promise for the discovery of new and better treatment approaches for the management of several chronic diseases. There are huge reserves of natural marine biological compounds, as 70 percent of the Earth is covered with oceans, indicating a diversity of chemical entities on the planet. The marine ecosystems are a rich source of bioactive products and have been explored for lead drug molecules that have proven to be novel therapeutic targets. Over the last 70 years, many structurally diverse drug products and their secondary metabolites have been isolated from marine sources. The drugs obtained from marine sources have displayed an exceptional potential in the management of a wide array of diseases, ranging from acute to chronic conditions. A beneficial role of marine drugs in human health has been recently proposed. The current review highlights various marine drugs and their compounds and role in the management of chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular disorders, which has led to the development of new drug treatment approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27051539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T21:11:07Z","timestamp":1645737067000},"page":"1539","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Biotechnological Innovations from Ocean: Transpiring Role of Marine Drugs in Management of Chronic Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Saurabh","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz 616, Nizwa P.O. Box 33, Oman"},{"name":"School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashita","family":"Makkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala 140401, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0993-7708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tapan","family":"Behl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala 140401, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aayush","family":"Sehgal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala 140401, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukhbir","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala 140401, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahesh","family":"Rachamalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8440-8366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasudevan","family":"Mani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0245-5976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Shahid","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3236-1292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona Gabriela","family":"Bungau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.8b00368","article-title":"Marine Natural Productsin Medicinal Chemistry","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5b01055","article-title":"Natural Productsas Sources of New Drugs from 1981 to 2014","volume":"79","author":"Newman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2015.01.009","article-title":"An Analysis of FDA-Approved Drugs: Natural Products and Their Derivatives","volume":"21","author":"Patridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832957","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.832957","article-title":"Novel Bioactive Compounds From Marine Sourcesas a Tool for Functional Food Development","volume":"76","author":"Ghosh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1039\/b805113p","article-title":"Marine Natural Products","volume":"26","author":"Blunt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-101353","article-title":"Drugs and Drug Candidates from Marine Sources: An Assessment of the Current \u201cStateofPlay\u201d","volume":"82","author":"Newman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.37358\/RC.19.9.7497","article-title":"Statistical Analysis of the Relationship between Antioxidant Activity and the Structure of Flavonoid Compounds","volume":"70","author":"Glevitzky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. De Chim."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.2533\/chimia.2017.646","article-title":"Drugs from the Oceans: Marine Natural Products as Leads for Drug Discovery","volume":"71","author":"Altmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chimia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2016.05.002","article-title":"Marine Microorganisms as a Promising and Sustainable Source of Bioactive Molecules","volume":"128","author":"Romano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2016.067","article-title":"Marine Sponges as a Drug Treasure","volume":"24","author":"Anjum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2019.08.008","article-title":"Current Computational Methods for Predicting Protein Interactions of Natural Products","volume":"17","author":"Moumbock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moumbock, A.F.A., Simoben, C.V., Wessjohann, L., Sippl, W., G\u00fcnther, S., and Ntie-Kang, F. (2017). Computational studies and biosynthesis of natural products with promising anticancer properties. Natural Products and Cancer Drug Discovery, InTech Open.","DOI":"10.5772\/67650"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.612659","article-title":"Novel Methods and Approaches for Safety Evaluation of Nanoparticle Formulations: A Focus towards in Vitro Models and Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOP)","volume":"12","author":"Tirumala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1021\/ja909118a","article-title":"Natural Products Version 2.0: Connecting Genes to Molecules","volume":"132","author":"Walsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grover, M., Behl, T., Sehgal, A., Singh, S., Sharma, N., Virmani, T., Rachamalla, M., Farasani, A., Chigurupati, S., and Alsubayiel, A. (2021). In Vitro Phytochemical Screening, Cytotoxicity Studies of Curcuma Longa Extracts with Isolation and Characterisation of Their Isolated Compounds. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26247509"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.153926","article-title":"Perillyl Alcohol Attenuates Rheumatoid Arthritis via Regulating TLR4\/NF-\u039a Band Keap1\/Nrf2 Signaling Pathways: A Comprehensive Study On in-Vitro and in-Vivo Experimental Models","volume":"97","author":"Puppala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2487","article-title":"Drug Development from Marine Natural Products","volume":"8","author":"Molinski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dinarvand, M., and Spain, M. (2021). Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Marine Natural Products and Exploration of Structure\u2014Activity Relationships (Sar). Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10030337"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, F., and Aires-de-Sousa, J. (2018). Computational Methodologies in the Exploration of Marine Natural Product Leads. Mar. Drugs, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/md16070236"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2016.01.012","article-title":"Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry: New Estimates of R&D Costs","volume":"47","author":"Grabowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Health Econ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2015.1016497","article-title":"Maximizing Computational Tools for Successful Drug Discovery","volume":"10","author":"Nantasenamat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gasteiger, J. (2016). Chemoinformatics: Achievements and Challenges, a Personal View. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21020151"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201100510","article-title":"Discovery of (2-(2-Benzoxazoyl Amino)-4-Aryl-5-Cyanopyrimidine MGlu 5NAMs: From Artificial Neural Network Virtual Screen to in Vivo Tool Compound","volume":"7","author":"Mueller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Med. Chem"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.3762\/bjoc.12.267","article-title":"Computational Methods in Drug Discovery","volume":"12","author":"Leelananda","year":"2016","journal-title":"BeilsteinJ. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2016.04.004","article-title":"Computational Approaches in Target Identification and Drug Discovery","volume":"14","author":"Katsila","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.110.067207","article-title":"Discovery of Novel Allosteric Modulators of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype5 Reveals Chemical and Functional Diversity and in Vivo Activity in Rat Behavioral Models of Anxiolytic and Antipsychotic Activity","volume":"78","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NP00134F","article-title":"Dereplication: Racing to Speed up the Natural Products Discovery Process","volume":"32","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"310","article-title":"Combined LC\/UV\/MS and NMR Strategies for the Dereplication of Marine Natural Products","volume":"82","author":"Reyes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.58943","article-title":"Structure-Based Drug Design and Modern Medicine","volume":"55","author":"Vijayakrishnan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2174\/156802610790232251","article-title":"Successful Applications of Computer Aided Drug Discovery: Moving Drugs from Concept to the Clinic","volume":"10","author":"Talele","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.01.029","article-title":"The Epigenomics of Cancer","volume":"128","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-014-1312-6","article-title":"Synthesis and Evaluation of Linear Furanocoumarinsas Potential Anti-Breast and Anti-Prostate Cancer Agents","volume":"24","author":"Chauthe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37868","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA06391K","article-title":"Design and Synthesis of Optically Pure3-Aryl-6-Methyl-2-Thioxotetrahydropyrimidin-4(1H)-Ones as Anti-ProstateCancerAgents","volume":"4","author":"Varun","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10888","article-title":"The Microcosmos of Cancer","volume":"482","author":"Lujambio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.2010.46.10.1519019","article-title":"Cabazitaxel, a New Taxane with Favorable Properties","volume":"46","author":"Bouchet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drugs Today"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.3390\/md9101860","article-title":"Cnidarians as a Source of New Marine Bioactive Compounds An Overview of the Last Decade and Future Steps for Bioprospecting","volume":"9","author":"Rocha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen, P.R., and Fenical, W. (2000). Marine microorganisms and drug discovery: Current status and future potential. Drugs from the Sea, Karger.","DOI":"10.1159\/000062490"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.614766","article-title":"Exploring the Diversity of the Marine Environment for New Anti-Cancer Compounds","volume":"7","author":"Dayanidhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111091","article-title":"Marine-Derived Drugs: Recent Advances in Cancer Therapy and Immune Signaling","volume":"134","author":"Saeed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2011.12.005","article-title":"Cytarabine Induced Cerebellar Neuronal Damage in Juvenile Rat: Correlating Neurobehavioral Performance with Cellular and Genetic Alterations","volume":"293","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyshlovoy, S.A., and Honecker, F. (2020). Marine Compounds and Cancer: The First Two Decades of XXI Century. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18010020"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyshlovoy, S.A., and Honecker, F. (2020). Marine Compounds and Cancer: Updates 2020. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18120643"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2018\/e482s","article-title":"Marine Drugs for Cancer: Surfacing Biotechnological Innovations from the Oceans","volume":"73","author":"Jimenez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.4161\/mabs.20230","article-title":"Brentuximab Vedotin","volume":"4","author":"Dhimolea","year":"2012","journal-title":"mAbs"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2014). Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care, 37, 62\u201367.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-S081"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4527","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160503C","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of ROS Production and Oxidative Stress in Diabetes","volume":"473","author":"Newsholme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(15)60891-X","article-title":"Marine Bioactive Agents: A Short Review on New Marine Antidiabetic Compounds","volume":"5","author":"Barde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4113","DOI":"10.1021\/jm0306273","article-title":"Diabetes Mellitus: Pathogenesis and Treatment Strategies","volume":"47","author":"Skyler","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.3390\/md9061056","article-title":"Marine Bioactives as Functional Food Ingredients: Potential to Reduce the Incidence of Chronic Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Lordan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-004-6544-x","article-title":"Enzyme Inhibitors and Other Bioactive Compounds from Marine Actinomycetes","volume":"87","author":"Imada","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antonie Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7915.2010.00179.x","article-title":"Bioactive Compounds from Marine Bacteria and Fungi: Mini review","volume":"3","author":"Debbab","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2012.03.014","article-title":"Multi-Generation Cultivation of the Copepod Calanus Helgolandicusina Re-Circulating System","volume":"418","author":"Carotenuto","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02526","article-title":"Aldehyde Suppression of Copepod Recruitmentin Blooms of a Ubiquitous Planktonic Diatom","volume":"429","author":"Ianora","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.10.018","article-title":"Inhibitory Effects of Microalgal Extracts on the Formation of Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs)","volume":"120","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.12.043","article-title":"Astaxanthin Is Responsible for Antiglycoxidative Properties of Microalga Chlorella zofingiensis","volume":"126","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1039\/c1fo10021a","article-title":"Protective Actions of Microalgae against Endogenous and Exogenous Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs) in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells","volume":"2","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5447","DOI":"10.3390\/md13085447","article-title":"Potential Bioactive Compounds from Seaweed for Diabetes Management","volume":"13","author":"Sharifuddin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3390\/md11020350","article-title":"HPN, a Synthetic Analogue of Bromophenol from Red Alga Rhodomela Confervoides: Synthesis and Anti-Diabetic Effects in C57BL\/KsJ-Db\/Db Mice","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"2","author":"Gaziano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dis. Control. Priorities Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Cao, Q., Xing, M., Xiao, H., Cheng, Z., Song, S., and Ji, A. (2020). Advances in the Study of Marine Products with Lipid-Lowering Properties. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18080390"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739932","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.739932","article-title":"Marine Natural Products and Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"8","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Q., Zhao, J., Xing, M., Xiao, H., Zhang, Q., Liang, H., Ji, A., and Song, S. (2020). Current Research Landscape of Marine-Derived Anti-Atherosclerotic Substances. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18090440"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kishimoto, Y., Yoshida, H., and Kondo, K. (2016). Potential Anti-Atherosclerotic Properties of Astaxanthin. Mar. Drugs, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/md14020035"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2009.05.029","article-title":"A Novel Marine Compound Xyloketal B Protects against Oxidized LDL-Induced Cell Injury in Vitro","volume":"78","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thakur, M., Rachamalla, M., Niyogi, S., Datusalia, A.K., and Flora, S.J.S. (2021). Molecular Mechanism of Arsenic-Induced Neurotoxicity Including Neuronal Dysfunctions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810077"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perry, G. (2016). Promise from the Sea. Mar. Drugs, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/md14100178"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhardwaj, S., Kesari, K.K., Rachamalla, M., Mani, S., Ashraf, G.M., Jha, S.K., Kumar, P., Ambasta, R.K., Dureja, H., and Devkota, H.P. (2021). CRISPR\/Cas9 Gene Editing: New Hope for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Therapeutics. J. Adv. Res.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2021.07.001"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-012-0739-x","article-title":"Modulation of Histone Deacetylase AttenuatesNaloxone-Precipitated Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome","volume":"385","author":"Rehni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1517\/13543776.15.10.1377","article-title":"Marine Compounds for the Therapeutic Treatment of Neurological Disorders","volume":"15","author":"Alonso","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Pat."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.3390\/md12052539","article-title":"Review: Bioactive Marine Drugs and Marine Biomaterials for Brain Diseases","volume":"12","author":"Grosso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catanesi, M., Caioni, G., Castelli, V., Benedetti, E., d\u2019Angelo, M., and Cimini, A. (2021). Benefits under the Sea: The Role of Marine Compounds in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19010024"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olasehinde, T.A., Olaniran, A.O., and Okoh, A.I. (2020). Sulfated Polysaccharides of Some Seaweeds Exhibit Neuroprotection via Mitigation of Oxidative Stress, Cholinergic Dysfunction and Inhibition of Zn-Induced Neuronal Damage in HT-22 Cells. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-03047-7"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.06.015","article-title":"Fucoidan Protects against Dopaminergic Neuron Death in Vivo and in Vitro","volume":"617","author":"Luo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hannan, M.A., Dash, R., Haque, M.N., Mohibbullah, M., Sohag, A.A.M., Rahman, M.A., Uddin, M.J., Alam, M., and Moon, I.S. (2020). Neuroprotective Potentials of Marine Algae and Their Bioactive Metabolites: Pharmacological Insights and Therapeutic Advances. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202005.0342.v1"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.01.010","article-title":"Evaluation of Anti-Oxidative, Genotoxic and Antigenotoxic Potency of Codium Tomentosum Stackhouse Ethanolic Extract in Human Lymphocytes in Vitro","volume":"47","author":"Celikler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2009.12.010","article-title":"Sphingolipids and Gangliosides of the Nervous System in Membrane Function and Dysfunction","volume":"584","author":"Sipione","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2018.12.013","article-title":"A Unique Structural Distribution Pattern Discovered for the Cerebrosides from Starfish Asterias Amurensis","volume":"473","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6384","DOI":"10.3390\/md13106384","article-title":"Tetrodotoxin, an Extremely Potent Marine Neurotoxin: Distribution, Toxicity, Origin and Therapeutical Uses","volume":"13","author":"Lago","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6020693","article-title":"Tetrodotoxin: Chemistry, Toxicity, Source, Distribution and Detection","volume":"6","author":"Bane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3390\/md10020281","article-title":"Tetrodotoxin (TTX) as a Therapeutic Agent for Pain","volume":"10","author":"Nieto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-894X(97)10104-4","article-title":"(\u2212)-Phenylahistin: A New Mammalian Cell Cycle Inhibitor Produced by Aspergillus ustus","volume":"7","author":"Kanoh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3950","DOI":"10.3390\/md13063950","article-title":"Can Some Marine-Derived Fungal Metabolites Become Actual Anticancer Agents?","volume":"13","author":"Gomes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behl, T., Rachamalla, M., Najda, A., Sehgal, A., Singh, S., Sharma, N., Bhatia, S., Al-Harrasi, A., Chigurupati, S., and Vargas-De-La-Cruz, C. (2021). Applications of Adductomics in Chemically Induced Adverse Outcomes and Major Emphasis on DNA Adductomics: A Pathbreaking Tool in Biomedical Research. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810141"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/01.cad.0000182745.01612.8a","article-title":"NPI-2358 Is a Tubulin-Depolymerizing Agent: In-Vitro Evidence for Activity as a Tumor Vascular-Disrupting Agent","volume":"17","author":"Nicholson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Drugs"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5692","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-12-323857","article-title":"A Novel Vascular Disrupting Agent Plinabulin Triggers JNK-Mediated Apoptosis and Inhibits Angiogenesisin Multiple Myeloma Cells","volume":"117","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200390115","article-title":"Salinosporamide A: A Highly Cytotoxic Proteasome Inhibitor from a Novel Microbial Source, a Marine Bacterium of the New Genus Salinospora","volume":"42","author":"Feling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9346","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201000728","article-title":"Salinosporamide Natural Products: Potent 20S Proteasome Inhibitors as Promising Cancer Chemotherapeutics","volume":"49","author":"Gulder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10403","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.18.10403","article-title":"Epoxomicin, a Potent and Selective Proteasome Inhibitor, Exhibits in Vivo Antiinflammatory Activity","volume":"96","author":"Meng","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2005.10.013","article-title":"A Novel Orally Active Proteasome Inhibitor Induces Apoptosis in Multiple Myeloma Cells with Mechanisms Distinct from Bortezomib","volume":"8","author":"Chauhan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V118.21.302.302","article-title":"Phase 1 Clinical Evaluation of Twice-Weekly Marizomib (NPI-0052), a Novel Proteasome Inhibitor, in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (MM)","volume":"118","author":"Richardson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2017.04.012","article-title":"Sponging off Nature for New Drug Leads","volume":"13","author":"Andersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.110.172387","article-title":"Anticolon Cancer Activity of Largazole, a Marine-Derived Tunable Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor","volume":"335","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8455","DOI":"10.1021\/ja8013727","article-title":"Total Synthesis and Molecular Target of Largazole, a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor","volume":"130","author":"Ying","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1039\/c2np00066k","article-title":"Largazole: From Discovery to Broad-Spectrum Therapy","volume":"29","author":"Hong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.12309","article-title":"Caldora Penicillata Gen. Nov., Comb. Nov. (Cyanobacteria), a Pantropical Marine Species with Biomedical Relevance","volume":"51","author":"Engene","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1021\/np500931q","article-title":"Targeted Natural Products Discovery from Marine Cyanobacteria Using Combined Phylogenetic and Mass Spectrometric Evaluation","volume":"78","author":"Engene","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.oprd.7b00352","article-title":"Process Development and Scale-up Total Synthesis of Largazole, a Potent Classi Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Org. Process Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-3252","article-title":"Eribulin Mesylate: Mechanism of Action of a Unique Microtubule Targeting Agent","volume":"21","author":"Risinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/5\/1539\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:26:52Z","timestamp":1760135212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/5\/1539"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27051539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27051539","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]}}}