{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T02:00:29Z","timestamp":1782871229525,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union, within the program Cross border cooperation Romania - Republic of Moldova 2014-2020.","award":["2SOFT\/1.2\/83 Intelligent valorisation of agro-food industrial wastes"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2SOFT\/1.2\/83 Intelligent valorisation of agro-food industrial wastes"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The article focuses on the optimization of the extraction process of biologically active compounds (BAC) from grape marc\u2014a by-product of the wine industry. The influence of temperature, specifically 30 \u00b0C, 45 \u00b0C and 65 \u00b0C, and ethanol concentration in solutions, specifically 0\u201396% (v\/v) on the extraction yield of polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins and anthocyanins, were investigated. The composition of individual polyphenols, anthocyanins and organic acids, antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS) and CIELab chromatic characteristics of the grape marc extracts (GME), were characterized. The microbiostatic and microbicidal effects in direct contact of GME with pathogenic microorganisms, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, were determined in vitro. The influence of extraction parameters on the total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), tannin content (TC), total anthocyanin content (TAC) and their interdependencies were studied using information analysis. A mathematical model was developed on cubic spline functions. The analysis of individual compounds showed the presence of a wide range of flavonoids (procyanidin B2, procyanidin B1, hyperoside and quercetin), flavones (catechin), hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives (gallic, protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic acids, m-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid), hydroxycinic acid derivatives and ferulic acid methyl ester. The malvidol-3-glucoside was the main anthocyanin identified in the extract. A high amount of tartaric acid was also found. GME showed significant antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and lower activity against Gram-negative bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27051610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T20:11:14Z","timestamp":1646079074000},"page":"1610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Chemometric Optimization of Biologically Active Compounds Extraction from Grape Marc: Composition and Antimicrobial Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5214-3562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aliona","family":"Ghendov-Mosanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oenology and Chemistry, Food Technology, Faculty of Food Technology, Technical University of Moldova, 9\/9 Studentilor St., MD-2045 Chisinau, Moldova"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Cojocari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine No I, \u201cNicolaeTestemitanu State\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 165 Stefan cel Mare Bd., MD-2004 Chisinau, Moldova"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greta","family":"Balan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine No I, \u201cNicolaeTestemitanu State\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 165 Stefan cel Mare Bd., MD-2004 Chisinau, Moldova"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4054-4884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoanela","family":"Patras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences, Faculty of Horticulture, \u201cIon Ionescu de la Brad\u201d Iasi University of Life Sciences, 3 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700490 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ildiko","family":"Lung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics of Nanostructured Systems, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3770-9702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Loredana","family":"Soran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics of Nanostructured Systems, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ocsana","family":"Opri\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics of Nanostructured Systems, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8942-4288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Cristea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oenology and Chemistry, Food Technology, Faculty of Food Technology, Technical University of Moldova, 9\/9 Studentilor St., MD-2045 Chisinau, Moldova"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2412-5874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodica","family":"Sturza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oenology and Chemistry, Food Technology, Faculty of Food Technology, Technical University of Moldova, 9\/9 Studentilor St., MD-2045 Chisinau, Moldova"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2244(02)00012-2","article-title":"By-products of plant food processing as a source of functional compounds\u2014Recent developments","volume":"12","author":"Schieber","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. 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