{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T15:18:33Z","timestamp":1785251913501,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004595","name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["304.PPSG.6316158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304.PPSG.6316158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic periodontitis and diabetes mellitus share a two-way relationship, the common factor being the inflammatory-mediated pathway, and various cytokines are released during this inflammatory cascade, one of which being matrix metalloproteinase-9. The aim of this study was to identify whether the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 are increased due to type-II diabetes mellitus in chronic periodontitis patients. It was an observational, analytical, case-control study. Thirty subjects were recruited in the test group, who were suffering from type-II diabetes mellitus and chronic periodontitis, and 30 subjects in the control group, who were subjects with chronic periodontitis but systemically healthy. Periodontal parameters, including the plaque score, gingival bleeding index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level of the subjects, were measured, saliva samples of all of the subjects were collected and salivary matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels were analyzed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 24. Overall, the matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels of the diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis were increased almost twofold (156.95 \u00b1 29.80 ng\/mL) compared to the levels in the controls (74.96 \u00b1 6.32 ng\/mL) (p &lt; 0.001). Similarly, the periodontal parameters were far worse in diabetics with chronic periodontitis compared to the controls. The average gingivitis score for the test subjects was 78.45 \u00b1 8.93%), compared to 29.32 \u00b1 12.96% in the controls (p &lt; 0.001). The mean probing pocket depth for the test group was 5.39 \u00b1 0.60 mm, and, for the control group, it was 4.35 \u00b1 0.31 mm (p &lt; 0.001). For the test subjects, the average clinical attachment level was 5.86 \u00b1 0.58 mm, and it was 4.66 \u00b1 0.32 mm for the controls (p &lt; 0.001). It was ascertained that there is a two-fold increase in the levels of salivary matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the test group compared to the control group. In addition, the level of periodontal apparatus destruction was greater in the test group. This proved that type-II diabetes mellitus influences the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in humans and elevates them, causing further periodontal destruction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27072174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T21:41:30Z","timestamp":1648590090000},"page":"2174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Salivary MMP-9 Levels in Chronic Periodontitis Patients with Type-II Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0502-5728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romaisa","family":"Arshad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Shifa College of Dentistry, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1094-1387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waleed A.","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, Shifa College of Dentistry, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"},{"name":"Periodontics Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Batool","family":"Zara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Foundation University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabia","family":"Naseer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8463-2539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadia","family":"Minhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Akhtar Saeed Medical & Dental College, University of Health Sciences, Lahore 53720, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1738-1121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moeez","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontics Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Rashid Latif Medical & Dental College, University of Health Sciences, Lahore 53720, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatema","family":"Akhter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh 11512, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saria A.","family":"Khokhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Foundation University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1529-3438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah Ali","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huda","family":"Abutayyem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4387-7959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haytham Jamil","family":"Alswairki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7131-1752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Khursheed","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Center for Transdisciplinary Research (CFTR), Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil lnternational University, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"The relationship between diabetes mellitus and destructive periodontal disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Vettore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. 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