{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T22:49:30Z","timestamp":1792968570121,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Different species of Artemisia have been reported to have therapeutic potential in treating various health disorders, including diabetes and memory dysfunction. The present study was planned to evaluate the effects of Artemisia macrocephala Jacquem crude extract and its subfractions as antiamnesic agents in streptozotocin-induced (STZ) diabetic mice. The in vivo behavioral studies were performed using the Y Maze test and novel object recognition test (NORT) test at doses of 100 and 200 mg\/kg of crude extract and 75 and 150 mg\/kg of fractions. The in vitro and ex vivo anticholinesterase activities, along with biochemical parameters (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and lipid peroxidation) in the brain, were evaluated. Blood glucose levels were monitored with a glucometer; crude extract and fractions reduced the glucose level considerably, with some differences in the extent of their efficacies. The crude extract and fractions demonstrated significant inhibitory activity against cholinesterases (AChE and BuChE) in vitro. Crude, chloroform and ethyl acetate extract were found to be more potent than the other fractions, with IC50 of Crd-Am = 116.36 \u00b1 1.48 and 240.52 \u00b1 1.35 \u00b5g\/mL, Chl-Am = 52.68 \u00b1 1.09 and 57.45 \u00b1 1.39 \u00b5g\/mL and Et-Am = 75.19 \u00b1 1.02 and 116.58 \u00b1 1.09 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively. Oxidative stress biomarkers like superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione levels were elevated, whereas MDA levels were reduced by crude extract and all fractions with little difference in their respective values. The Y-maze test and novel object recognition test demonstrated declines in memory impairment in groups (n = 6) treated with crude extract and fractions as compared to STZ diabetic (amnesic) group. The most active fraction, Chl-Am, was also subjected to isolation of bioactive compounds; three compounds were obtained in pure state and designated as AB-I, AB-II and AB-III. Overall, the results of the study showed that Artemisia macrocephala Jacquem enhanced the memory impairment associated with diabetes, elevated acetylcholine levels and ameliorated oxidative stress. Further studies are needed to explore the beneficial role of the secondary metabolites isolated in the present study as memory enhancers. Toxicological aspects of the extracts are also important and need to be evaluated in other animal models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27082399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]],"date-time":"2022-04-09T05:13:08Z","timestamp":1649481188000},"page":"2399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of Artemisia macrocephala Jacquem on Memory Deficits and Brain Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Atiqul","family":"Bari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Swabi 23460, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Muhammad Mukarram","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Swabi 23460, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7223-9788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fakhria A.","family":"Al-Joufi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, 72341 Aljouf, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8143-2363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Wadood Ali","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Dir (Lower), Chakdara 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Shoaib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Dir (Lower), Chakdara 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismail","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4528-8517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Zahoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Dir (Lower), Chakdara 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Naeem","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehreen","family":"Ghias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Dir (Lower), Chakdara 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Muhammad Hassan","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1450-5635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atif Ali Khan","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-695X2006000200021","article-title":"Natural products inhibitors of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase","volume":"16","author":"Medeiros","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. 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