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of AD. Currently, there are no drugs that can suppress the progression of AD due to a limited understanding of AD pathophysiology. For this, diagnostic methods that can assess disease progression non-invasively before the onset of AD symptoms are essential, and it would be valuable to incorporate the concept of neurotheranostics, which simultaneously enables diagnosis and treatment. The neuroprotective pathways activated by nAChRs are attractive targets as these receptors may regulate microglial-mediated neuroinflammation. Microglia exhibit both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions that could be modulated to mitigate AD pathogenesis. Currently, single-cell analysis is identifying microglial subpopulations that may have specific functions in different stages of AD pathologies. Thus, the ability to image nAChRs and microglia in AD according to the stage of the disease in the living brain may lead to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic methods. In this review, we summarize and discuss the recent findings on the nAChRs and microglia, as well as their methods for live imaging in the context of diagnosis, prophylaxis, and therapy for AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T22:20:20Z","timestamp":1651098020000},"page":"2780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Microglia as Therapeutic and Imaging Targets in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Kazuyuki","family":"Takata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Division of Analytical and Physical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daijiro","family":"Yanagisawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu 520-2192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koki","family":"Harada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5582-3341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaneyasu","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihisa","family":"Kitamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology and Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shun","family":"Shimohama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8054-9666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ikuo","family":"Tooyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu 520-2192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.3.728","article-title":"The incidence of dementia: A meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Jorm","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21915","article-title":"Dementia incidence continues to increase with age in the oldest old: The 90+ study","volume":"67","author":"Corrada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. 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