{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:56:43Z","timestamp":1790787403859,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]],"date-time":"2022-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2022R108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2022R108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Isopropyl Isothiocyanate (IPI) is a poorly water-soluble drug used in different biological activities. So, the present work was designed to prepare and evaluate IPI loaded vesicles and evaluated for vesicle size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, drug release, and drug permeation. The selected formulation was coated with chitosan and further assessed for the anti-platelet and anti-thrombotic activity. The prepared IPI vesicles (F3) exhibited a vesicle size of 298 nm \u00b1 5.1, the zeta potential of \u221218.7 mV, encapsulation efficiency of 86.2 \u00b1 5.3% and PDI of 0.33. The chitosan-coated IPI vesicles (F3C) exhibited an increased size of 379 \u00b1 4.5 nm, a positive zeta potential of 23.5 \u00b1 2.8 mV and encapsulation efficiency of 77.3 \u00b1 4.1%. IPI chitosan vesicle (F3C) showed enhanced mucoadhesive property (2.7 folds) and intestinal permeation (~1.8-fold) higher than IPI vesicles (F3). There was a significant (p &lt; 0.05) enhancement in size, muco-adhesion, and permeation flux achieved after coating with chitosan. The IPI chitosan vesicle (F3C) demonstrated an enhanced bleeding time of 525.33 \u00b1 12.43 s, anti-thrombin activity of 59.72 \u00b1 4.21, and inhibition of platelet aggregation 68.64 \u00b1 3.99%, and anti-platelet activity of 99.47%. The results of the study suggest that IPI chitosan vesicles showed promising in vitro results, as well as improved anti-platelet and anti-thrombotic activity compared to pure IPI and IPI vesicles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T06:23:08Z","timestamp":1651386188000},"page":"2876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Formulation of Isopropyl Isothiocyanate Loaded Nano Vesicles Delivery Systems: In Vitro Characterization and In Vivo Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Chandra","family":"Kala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Maulana Azad University, Jodhpur 342802, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Asif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Lachoo Memorial College of Science and Technology, Sector-A, Shastri Nagar, Jodhpur 342001, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadaf Jamal","family":"Gilani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Health Sciences, Preparatory Year, Princess Nourah Bint Adbulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8913-0826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Sarim","family":"Imam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najam Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GMS College of Pharmacy, Shakarpur, Rajabpur, Amroha 244236, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5201-3503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad","family":"Taleuzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Maulana Azad University, Jodhpur 342802, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0181-0278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ameeduzzafar","family":"Zafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6911-0652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Muqtader","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0922-9819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sultan","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9179-4373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed M.","family":"Ghoneim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Almaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01502","article-title":"Antiplatelet and Antithrombotic Activity of a Traditional Medicine, Hwangryunhaedok-Tang","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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