{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:17:09Z","timestamp":1782922629014,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research-Focused Department Promotion Project","award":["2020R1G1A1009155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1G1A1009155"]}]},{"name":"Research-Focused Department Promotion Project","award":["2018K1A4A3A01064257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018K1A4A3A01064257"]}]},{"name":"Research-Focused Department Promotion Project","award":["2019R1A6A1A11034536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1A6A1A11034536"]}]},{"name":"Research-Focused Department Promotion Project","award":["2021R1A5A2022318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A5A2022318"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Therapeutic iodoform (CHI3) is commonly used as a root-filling material for primary teeth; however, the side effects of iodoform-containing materials, including early root resorption, have been reported. To overcome this problem, a water-soluble iodide (NaI)-incorporated root-filling material was developed. Calcium hydroxide, silicone oil, and NaI were incorporated in different weight proportions (30:30:X), and the resulting material was denoted DX (D5~D30), indicating the NaI content. As a control, iodoform instead of NaI was incorporated at a ratio of 30:30:30, and the material was denoted I30. The physicochemical (flow, film thickness, radiopacity, viscosity, water absorption, solubility, and ion releases) and biological (cytotoxicity, TRAP, ARS, and analysis of osteoclastic markers) properties were determined. The amount of iodine, sodium, and calcium ion releases and the pH were higher in D30 than I30, and the highest level of unknown extracted molecules was detected in I30. In the cell viability test, all groups except 100% D30 showed no cytotoxicity. In the 50% nontoxic extract, D30 showed decreased osteoclast formation compared with I30. In summary, NaI-incorporated materials showed adequate physicochemical properties and low osteoclast formation compared to their iodoform-counterpart. Thus, NaI-incorporated materials may be used as a substitute for iodoform-counterparts in root-filling materials after further (pre)clinical investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T08:21:25Z","timestamp":1651652485000},"page":"2927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Improvement of Biological Effects of Root-Filling Materials for Primary Teeth by Incorporating Sodium Iodide"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Ji-Myung","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5222-6042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huong 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Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8752-332X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3917-3446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan C.","family":"Knowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Cell & Matter Institute, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK"},{"name":"The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7224-5507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hae-Hyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2147-5163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Sun","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8744-9553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Bin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, 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Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waterhouse, P.J., and Whitwortth, J.M. 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