{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:57:40Z","timestamp":1791619060586,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The widespread use of phytocannabinoids or cannabis extracts as ingredients in numerous types of products, in combination with the legal restrictions on THC content, has created a need for the development of new, rapid, and universal analytical methods for their quantitation that ideally could be applied without separation and standards. Based on previously described qNMR studies, we developed an expanded 1H qNMR method and a novel 2D-COSY qNMR method for the rapid quantitation of ten major phytocannabinoids in cannabis plant extracts and cannabis-based products. The 1H qNMR method was successfully developed for the quantitation of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabinol (CBN), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabichromenic acid (CBCA), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03949-THC), \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (\u03949-THCA), \u03948-tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03948-THC), cannabielsoin (CBE), and cannabidivarin (CBDV). Moreover, cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA) and \u03949-tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (\u03949-THCVA) can be distinguished from CBDA and \u03949-THCA respectively, while cannabigerovarin (CBGV) and \u03948-tetrahydrocannabivarin (\u03948-THCV) present the same 1H-spectra as CBG and \u03948-THC, respectively. The COSY qNMR method was applied for the quantitation of CBD, CBDA, CBN, CBG\/CBGA, and THC\/THCA. The two methods were applied for the analysis of hemp plants; cannabis extracts; edible cannabis medium-chain triglycerides (MCT); and hemp seed oils and cosmetic products with cannabinoids. The 1H-NMR method does not require the use of reference compounds, and it requires only a short time for analysis. However, complex extracts in 1H-NMR may have a lot of signals, and quantitation with this method is often hampered by peak overlap, with 2D NMR providing a solution to this obstacle. The most important advantage of the COSY NMR quantitation method was the determination of the legality of cannabis plants, extracts, and edible oils based on their THC\/THCA content, particularly in the cases of some samples for which the determination of THC\/THCA content by 1H qNMR was not feasible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T02:46:39Z","timestamp":1651805199000},"page":"2965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Direct Quantitation of Phytocannabinoids by One-Dimensional 1H qNMR and Two-Dimensional 1H-1H COSY qNMR in Complex Natural Mixtures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Dadiotis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vangelis","family":"Mitsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ekati Alchemy Lab SL, Carretera Barcelona 11, 08180 Moia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Melliou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0399-5344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prokopios","family":"Magiatis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557516666161004162133","article-title":"Cannabis: A Treasure Trove or Pandora\u2019s Box?","volume":"17","author":"Solymosi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mini-Rev. 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