{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T03:15:07Z","timestamp":1776827707875,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015624","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UJ-02-072-DR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UJ-02-072-DR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Calotropis procera (C. procera) is a wild shrub that is a medicinal plant found in abundance throughout Saudi Arabia. In this study, we investigated the phytochemical composition and antigenotoxic properties of the ethanolic extract of C. procera, in addition to the antimicrobial activity of the plant and its rhizospheric actinobacteria effects against pathogenic microorganisms. Soil-extract medium supplemented with glycerol as a carbon source and starch\u2013casein agar medium was used for isolation of actinobacteria from rhizosphere. From the plant, a total of 31 compounds were identified using gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS). The main components were \u03b1-amyrin (39.36%), lupeol acetate (17.94%), phytol (13.32%), hexadecanoic acid (5.55%), stigmasterol (3.16%), linolenic acid (3.04%), and gombasterol A (2.14%). C. procera plant extract\u2019s antimicrobial activity was investigated using an agar well-diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against six pathogenic microbial strains. The plant extract of C. procera was considered significantly active against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Escherichia coli, with inhibition zones of 18.66 mm, 21.26 mm, and 21.93 mm, respectively. The plant extract was considered to be a moderate inhibitor against Bacillus subtilis, with MIC ranging from 0.60\u20131.50 mg\/mL. On the other hand, the isolated actinobacteria were considered to be a moderate inhibitor against S. aureus (MIC of 86 \u00b5g\/mL), and a potent inhibitor, strain CALT_2, against Candida albicans (MIC of 35 \u00b5g\/mL). The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the potential strains belonged to the genus Streptomyces. The effect of C. procera extract against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced genotoxicity was examined by evaluating chromosome abnormalities in mouse somatic cells and DNA fragmentation assays. The current study revealed that oral pretreatment of C. procera (50, 100, and 200 mg\/kg b.w.) for 1, 7, and 14 days to cyclophosphamide-treated animals significantly reduced chromosomal abnormalities as well as DNA fragmentation in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, C. procera extract had antimicrobial and antigenotoxic effects against CP-induced genotoxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27103123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T08:37:02Z","timestamp":1652431022000},"page":"3123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Antimicrobial, Antigenotoxicity, and Characterization of Calotropis procera and Its Rhizosphere-Inhabiting Actinobacteria: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Amna A.","family":"Saddiq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hend M.","family":"Tag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nada M.","family":"Doleib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied and Industrial Sciences, University of Bahri, Kartoum 13311, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asmaa S.","family":"Salman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Genetics & Cytology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8725-5588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nashwa","family":"Hagagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1874842202007010001","article-title":"Chemical constituents and uses of Calotropis procera and Calotropis gigantea\u2014A review (Part I\u2014The plants as material and energy resources)","volume":"7","author":"Thiemann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Chem. 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