{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T01:09:52Z","timestamp":1785460192688,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007707","name":"Istituto Nazionale per l\u2019Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro (INAIL)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E59E19001460005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E59E19001460005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007707","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Invasive intraneural electrodes can control advanced neural-interfaced prostheses in human amputees. Nevertheless, in chronic implants, the progressive formation of a fibrotic capsule can gradually isolate the electrode surface from the surrounding tissue leading to loss of functionality. This is due to a nonspecific inflammatory response called foreign-body reaction (FBR). The commonly used poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based low-fouling coatings of implantable devices can be easily encapsulated and are susceptible to oxidative damage in long-term in vivo applications. Recently, sulfobetaine-based zwitterionic hydrogels have emerged as an important class of robust ultra-low fouling biomaterials, holding great potential to mitigate FBR. The aim of this proof-of-principle in vitro work was to assess whether the organic zwitterionic\u2014poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) [poly(SBMA)]\u2014hydrogel could be a suitable coating for Polyimide (PI)-based intraneural electrodes to reduce FBR. We first synthesized and analyzed the hydrogel through a mechanical characterization (i.e., Young\u2019s modulus). Then, we demonstrated reduced adhesion and activation of fibrogenic and pro-inflammatory cells (i.e., human myofibroblasts and macrophages) on the hydrogel compared with PEG-coated and polystyrene surfaces using cell viability assays, confocal fluorescence microscopy and high-content analysis of oxidative stress production. Interestingly, we successfully coated PI surfaces with a thin film of the hydrogel through covalent bond and demonstrated its high hydrophilicity via water contact angle measurement. Importantly, we showed the long-term release of an anti-fibrotic drug (i.e., Everolimus) from the hydrogel. Because of the low stiffness, biocompatibility, high hydration and ultra-low fouling characteristics, our zwitterionic hydrogel could be envisioned as long-term diffusion-based delivery system for slow and controlled anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic drug release in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27103126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T08:37:02Z","timestamp":1652431022000},"page":"3126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A Soft Zwitterionic Hydrogel as Potential Coating on a Polyimide Surface to Reduce Foreign Body Reaction to Intraneural Electrodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6957-2718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuele","family":"Gori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC)\u2014National Research Council (CNR), International Campus \u201cA. Buzzati-Traverso\u201d, Via E. Ramarini 32, 00015 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Regenerative Orthopaedic, Research Unit of Orthopaedic Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Maria","family":"Giannitelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Chemistry for Engineering, Department of Engineering, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7142-1660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Vadal\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Regenerative Orthopaedic, Research Unit of Orthopaedic Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocco","family":"Papalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Regenerative Orthopaedic, Research Unit of Orthopaedic Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loredana","family":"Zollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Advanced Robotics and Human-Centred Technologies, Department of Engineering, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3696-7582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcella","family":"Trombetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Chemistry for Engineering, Department of Engineering, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Rainer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Chemistry for Engineering, Department of Engineering, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Nanotechnology (NANOTEC)\u2014National Research Council (CNR), 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Di Pino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeXT: Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction Research Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Denaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Regenerative Orthopaedic, Research Unit of Orthopaedic Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3389\/conf.fneng.2014.11.00003","article-title":"Regenerative neural interfaces for neuroprosthetic applications","volume":"7","author":"Xavier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. 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